Assessment of Nutraceutical Potential of Melastoma malabathricum L. Fruits: DPPH, α ‐Glucosidase Inhibition, and LC‐HRMS Analysis

Dendrobium amoenum has biologically active phytoconstituents valued for traditional Chinese or folk medicine as tonic. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of its stem extract was estimated by using Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent and Aluminium chloride methods respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Total phenolic content found in acetone (134.34 μg GAE/mg extract) and chloroform (101.55 μg GAE/mg extract) extract was significantly higher than other solvent extracts. Similarly, these two extracts had significantly high flavonoid content (acetone: 115.73 μg QE/mg extract, and chloroform: 84.16 μg QE/mg extract). Presence of high phenolic and flavonoid contents in these extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity. Highest antioxidant activity of these extracts was determined by their lowest IC50 value (acetone: 53.19 μg/ml and chloroform: 36.48 μg/ml). Significant negative relationship was found between phenolic content and IC50 (R2 = 0.209, p < 0.01) and flavonoid content and IC50 (R2 = 0.389, p < 0.01), which indicates high antioxidant activity due to high phenolic and flavonoid contents. This result revealed that D. amoenum act as an antioxidant agent due to its free radical scavenging activity which plays a crucial role in the development of new chemotherapeutic agents.

Melastoma malabathricum (MM) is a well-known plant in Malaysian traditional medicine, locally known as senduduk. Its ethanol and aqueous extracts have been used in the present investigation to study the immunomodulatory role on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), and the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP free radical scavenging activities were also measured. Total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were assayed and the antibacterial effect was tested against four species of bacteria; two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsilla pneumonia). The tests were carried out using the disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Moreover, the acute toxicity was evaluated in vivo on the ethanol extract of MM to establish its safety when administered orally. In our results, both extracts of MM showed abilities to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals, IC50 values: (11.599 ± 0.84, 10.573 ± 0.58 µmol/L) and (62.657 ± 0.78, 63.939 ± 0.48 µmol/L) for ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. Indeed the ethanol extract evidenced high phenolic content (384.33 ± 0.005 mg/g), flavonoids contents (85.8 ± 0.009 mg/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (33,590 ± 0.038 mmol/g), with high activity against S. aureus and S. agalactiae (11 ± 0.3 and 12 ± 0.6 mm inhibition zones). Likewise, the percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) viability was increased in response to MM, IC50 values (1.781 ± 1.2 and 6.545 ± 0.93 µg/mL) for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. In addition, our results showed that the MM extract is safe even at a high dose of 5,000 mg/kg and has no oral toxicity. These findings suggest the excellent medicinal bioactivity of MM and explain the popularity of this plant in the folk medicine as a remedy for different illnesses.

Natural alternatives for the treatment of diabetes mellitus have been the interest of many researchers. In this study, the brown testas of mature and tender coconuts were compared to beans seed coats of four varieties in terms of antioxidative and anti-hyperglycaemic properties. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the antioxidant potentials and the ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the crude extracts were studied in vitro. The results showed that extracts of tender coconut testa and red kidney bean seed coat displayed higher ?-glucosidase inhibition (IC50=19.90±5.67 and 4.84±1.43 µg/ml) and ?-amylase inhibition (IC50=120.5±15.4 and 532.8±68.0 µg/ml) than the other extracts. These two extracts showed higher antioxidant capacities owing to their high phenolic and flavonoid contents. These results suggest that red kidney bean seedcoat and tender coconut testa would have higher potential as nutraceuticals and could serve as natural alternative sources of anti-diabetic remedy.

The nutritional value of many native edible plants is not well understood by scientists, leading to their underutilisation. There is a great deal of promise in using weeds as medicinal plants or as sources of pharmaceutical compounds. Developing new drugs has been shown to benefit greatly from the use of medicinal plants that are pertinent to ethnomedicinal knowledge. This study was aimed at a comparative analysis of phytochemical profiling and the bioactive potential of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) and Sonchus asper subsp. asper (L.) Hill (Asteraceae). The results showed that the distilled water extract of Thuja occidentalis has high phenolic (2073±0.017 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (1598.8±0.0056 mg QE/g) while the methanolic extract has high tannin (1908±0.0098 mg/g) and alkaloid content (1192±0.095 mg/g). But the methanolic extract of Sonchus asper has high flavonoid (408.8±0.001 mg QE/g), phenolic (259.02±0.006 mg GAE/g), tannin (820.9±0.005 mg/g), and alkaloid content (653.87±0.002 mg/g). The methanolic extracts of both plants showed strong antioxidant potential. In the DPPH assay, the methanolic extract of Thuja occidentalis showed an IC50 of 50.01±0.02 µg/mL, and in Sonchus asper subsp. asper with IC50 value of 50.97±0.017 µg/mL. In the NOSA assay, the methanolic extract of both plants shows strong antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 50.7±0.024 µg/mL and 51.9±0.011 µg/mL, respectively. This study highlighted the presence of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity, which is richest in Thuja occidentalis. They provide a great neutraceutical value to this plant.

Green syntheses of nanoparticles using plant materials are of tremendous scope. Here we report advantageous green synthesis for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous-root extract of Jurinea dolomiaea and AgNO3. Color change of solution and UV-Vis absorption at 444 nm indicated the formation of AgNPs. XRD confirmed their face centered cubic structure (fcc) with average particle size of 24.58 nm. SEM analysis showed their spherical, cubic and triangular structures. FT-IR indicated the presence of functional groups of reducing and stabilizing phytochemicals. Methanol-root extract of J. dolomiaea revealed high flavonoid (445 mg RE/g) and phenolic contents (92 mg GAE/g). Methanol-extract showed high antioxidant potency (IC50 = 0.494 μg/mL), rationally due to its high phenolic and flavonoid contents. These AgNPs showed the highest and equal antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Inhibition zone 11.0 mm) whereas, methanol-roots extract showed equal and intermediate activities (Inhibition zone 8.0 mm) against both pathogens but aqueous extract showed poor activities (Inhibition zone 6.0 mm) against these both pathogens. AgNPs are playing a major role in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine due to their antimicrobial and drug delivery efficacy as well as reasonable tolerance in human biology.

Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction assisted by Ethanol is one of the development methods to extract polar and nonpolar compounds. Thus, the objective of the study was to optimize extraction parameters to recover total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from peanut skin. Chrastil, Del Valle Aguilera, and Adachi-Lu models were applied to determine the solubility behaviors. The optimum condition was found at 29.43 MPa, 319.16 K, and 0.09 ml/min with 290.12 mg/L TPC and 488.26 mg/L TFC. Chrastil model gives good agreement to fit the solubility of flavonoid and phenolic contents due to the lowest Average absolute relative deviation were 3.27% and 7.75%, respectively. Practical applications Peanut skin as waste of peanut industries contains high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Currently, conventional extraction process with toxic solvent has been used to extract peanut skin. ScCO2extraction is one of the solutions to break the limitation of solvent's toxicity. However, ScCO2 has the drawbacks that ScCO2 is powerful to extract the nonpolar compounds, but failure to extract the medium polar compounds especially for the flavonoid compounds. Thus, the addition of ethanol is one of development method to break this limitation. Furthermore, Semi-empirical model has been used in this study to determine the solubility behavior to enhance the solubility of phenolic and flavonoid contents. The results show that high temperature condition is suitable to enhance the solubility of TPC, otherwise low temperature condition is preferable in the enhancement of TFC solubility.

Grapes are rich in phytochemicals with many proven health benefits. Phenolic profiles, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of twenty-four selected Vitis vinifera grape cultivars were investigated in this study. Large ranges of variation were found in these cultivars for the contents of total phenolics (95.3 to 686.5 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (94.7 to 1055 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activities (oxygen radical absorbance capacity 378.7 to 3386.0 mg of Trolox equivalents/100 g and peroxylradical scavenging capacity14.2 to 557 mg of vitamin C equivalents/100 g), cellular antioxidant activities (3.9 to 139.9 µmol of quercetin equivalents/100 g without PBS wash and 1.4 to 95.8 µmol of quercetin equivalents /100 g with PBS wash) and antiproliferative activities (25 to 82% at the concentrations of 100 mg/mL extracts).The total antioxidant activities were significantly correlated with the total phenolics and flavonoids. However, no significant correlations were found between antiproliferative activities and total phenolics or total flavonoids content. Wine grapes and color grapes showed much higher levels of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities than table grapes and green/yellow grapes. Several germplasm accessions with much high contents of phenolics and flavonoids, and total antioxidant activity were identified. These germplasm can be valuable sources of genes for breeding grape cultivars with better nutritional qualities of wine and table grapes in the future.

Purpose: To evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Mentha spicata (MS) leaves aqueous extracts obtained from different regions (El-Oued, Tebessa and El-Tarf) of Algeria, as well as their in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.
 Methods: Aqueous extracts were obtained from the air-dried leaves of MS by maceration followed by filtration and evaporation using a rotary evaporator. Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride colorimetric techniques were used to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. The radical DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests were used to determine their antioxidant activities, while the in vitro inhibition percentages of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes were used to assess the anti-diabetic activity.
 Results: The El-Oued's extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (108.94 mg GAE/g dry extract (DE)), while the highest total flavonoid content (0.039 mg QE/g DE) was found in El-Tarf's extract. The radical DPPH and FRAP scavenging activity of the El-Oued extract exhibited the highest inhibition activities (IC50 = 102.5 and 289.5 μg/mL), respectively, while the ABTS inhibition activity of the El-Tarf extract exhibited a maximum IC50 value of 111 ± 2.8 μg/mL. The MS extract of the El-Oued region had the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities with IC50 values of 121.4 and 216.9 μg/mL, respectively.
 Conclusion: The leaves of Mentha spicata exhibit high phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with significant antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. This study reveals that Mentha spicata flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as other properties vary by region.

Zaleya pentandra L. jaffery is the only species of the genus Zaleya that grows in the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. It is a Xero-halophyte plant with high phenolic and flavonoid content. The present research was designed to investigate the phytochemical composition, biological activities, and in silico molecular docking of the ethanolic extract of Z. pentandra. The phytochemical evaluation was done through preliminary phytochemical testing, estimation of total bioactive content, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis for the identification of volatile compounds. For the evaluation of biological activities, antioxidants, and enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase, cholinesterase, and tyrosinase), antibacterial and antiviral assays were performed. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 29 tentative volatile compounds. The ethanolic extract of Z. pentandra contains high phenolic content (119.6 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid content (45.5 ± 0.19 mg QE/g extract), which correlates with the strong DPPH, FRAP, and enzyme inhibition results. The ethanolic extract of Z. pentandra also showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity. Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be most susceptible, with 16 mm and 17 mm zone of inhibitions at a maximum dose of 20 mg/mL. Antiviral results showed that the ethanol extract has excellent activity against H9, IBV, and NDV viral strains. Additionally, in silico molecular docking was performed in order to determine the interaction and binding affinity between the enzymes and compounds identified by GC–MS. α-glucosidase, cholinesterase, and tyrosinase showed the highest binding affinity toward 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-n-(2-phenylethyl) benzamide, γ-sitosterol, and lactose. These findings can serve as a benchmark for anti-diabetic-, neuro-, and skin-protective uses of this plant and can be used for the isolation of pure bioactive compounds in the future.

Plant secondary metabolites include chemical compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. The use of these ingredients in traditional medicine to prevent or treat diabetes and cancer is becoming more prevalent because of their capacity to function as antioxidant agents. The objective of the research was to estimate the quantities of total phenols and flavonoids, together with the antioxidant capacity of various Dactylorhiza hatagirea extracts. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined by aluminum chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu techniques, respectively. Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS approaches were used for assessing the scavenging of free radicals. Employing standard methods, the preliminary phytochemical activity of the extract was assessed, and its reducing power was tested in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate. A maximum concentration of 58.88 ± 0.32 of gallic acid was identified per gram of methanolic extract as phenolic content. Quercetin, at 85.51 ± 0.40 mg/gram, had the most flavonoid content. The strongest reducing power output measured was 1.968 ± 0.01 g. In comparison, the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assays were 162.79 ± 0.24 and 39.75 ± 0.20 µg/ml, respectively. Thus, this plant differs from others in that it has potent antioxidant capabilities. The methanolic crude extract of D. hatagirea and the estimated contents of phenols and flavonoids exhibited potent antioxidant action, particularly against DPPH and ABTS assays. Due to its relatively high phenolic and flavonoid contents, this plant is an exciting option for treating diseases. Therefore, secondary metabolites can be found and employed as low-resistance, multi-target antioxidant drugs for treating a variety of cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as other chronic diseases that are resistant to existing antibiotics.

Metabolite profiling, antioxidant, scavenging and anti-proliferative activities of selected tropical green seaweeds reveal the nutraceutical potential of Caulerpa spp.

Introduction: Variance in a species and climate conditions often impact the phytochemical content and pharmacological properties of many medicinal plants. In this study, we used simple and quick methods to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in ethanol extracts from three species of medicinal plants from Riau, Sumatera. Results obtained were then compared to existing literature. Materials and Methods: Several parts of plant were used, namely Mangifera foetida bark (MB), pericarp (MP), leaves (ML), Lagerstreomia speciosa bark (LB), flower (LFlo), leaves (LL), fruit (LFru), and Impatiens balsamina leaves (IL), root (IR), and flower (IFlo). Total phenolic content was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteau method, while flavonoid content was measured using common colorimetric method. Results and Discussion: Results obtained in this study indicate that LL has the highest flavonoid content (22.116 ± 0.409 mg QE/g) while MB contains the highest phenolic content (24.642 ± 11.087 mg GAE/g) amongst the different samples used in this study. Conclusion: When compared to existing literatures, results presented here indicate that plants from Riau, Sumatera are potential sources of pharmacologic ingredients as indicated by the presence of high flavonoid and phenolic content. Further pharmacological study on specific mechanisms of action from active substances isolated from LL, MB, and IL is required.

Background: Chickpea cicer arietinum L. grown globally as good source of protein. Chickpea has high phenolic, flavonoid content present in seed and mainly in seed coat. Colored desi type has high phenolic and flavonoid content compare with kabuli type. The present work was to evaluate all ten chickpea genotypes for biochemical parameters which help to select superior genotypes for further crop production. Methods: Ten chickpea eight (desi) and two (kabuli) type were analyzed for nutritional and anti-nutritional properties. The study was examined for total protein content, total free amino acid content, total phenolic content, total flavanoid content and total tannin content. Result: All ten genotypes grown in the Kalyan Karnataka Region was screened for biochemical parameters. The present work determines the significance of nutritional quality of all ten genotypes. The result found desi type has high significance with total protein content of A-1 at 27%, SA-1 at 26%, total free amino acid content of A-1 at 6.69 mg/g, SA-1 at 6.29 mg/g, total phenolic content of A-1 at 48.39 mg of GAE/g , SA-1 at 41.98 mg of GAE/g, total flavonoid content of A-1 at 44.35 mg of QE/g, SA-1 at 38.11 mg of QE/g and total tannin content of A-1 at 12.35 mg of TQE/g, SA-1 at 10.98 mg of TQE/g with new released genotype KCD-11 has total free amino acid content 5.89 mg/gm of seeds, total protein content of 25.4%, phenolic content of 44.98 mg GAE/gm of seeds, flavonoid content of 39.09 mg QE/gm of seeds and tannin content of 11.09 mg TQE/gm of seeds compare with kabuli type have total free amino acid content of MNK-1 at 3.05 mg/g and KAK-2 at 4.0 mg/g , total protein content of MNK-1 at 21.34%, KAK-2 at 20.06%, phenolic content of MNK-1 at 41.11 mg GAE/gm of seeds, KAK-2 at 39.88 mg GAE/gm of seeds, flavonoid content of MNK-1 at 30.89 mg QE/gm of seeds, KAK-2 at 26.1 mg QE/gm of seeds and tannin content of MNK-1 at 10.35 mg TQE/gm of seeds, KAK-2 at 8.35 mg TQE/gm of seeds. This is the first report for nutritional and anti-nutritional property of all ten chickpea genotypes. The result of the study found that A-1, SA-1 and KCD-11 are highly significant and superior with other chickpea genotype.

The study investigated the anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of methanolic seed extracts of Carica papaya and Citrillus lantus . The inhibitory effects of the extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, orally) on a-amylase and a-glucosidase were assessed in glucose and sucrose-induced hyperglycaemic rats using glimepiride (25 mg/kg) and acarbose (50 mg/kg), as positive controls. The anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by membrane stability, xanthine oxidase inhibition and inhibition of denaturation of albumin models. Their antioxidant potentials were determined using standard methods and their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also estimated. The extracts gave a comparable (p>0.05) hyperglycaemia lowering and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities to glimepiride (25 mg/kg) and acarbose (50 mg/kg), respectively. However, C. papaya gave a significantly (p C. papaya > C. lanatus . In albumin denaturation assay, C. papaya gave a comparable activity to the positive control at 0.25 – 1.00 μg/ml and significantly higher effect at 0.0625-0.125 μg/ml while in the 1, 1, diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, the order of antioxidant activities was, ascorbic acid (positive control) > C. papaya > C. lanatus . The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of C. papaya expressed as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents were found to be 82.00 and 35.00 mg/g respectively; while those of C. lanatus were 40.00 and 20.00 mg/g, respectively. The results showed the seed extract of C. papaya to be a better anti-hyperglycaemic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant agent than C. lanatus and suggested that their high flavonoid and phenolic contents could be responsible for these activities. Keywords: Hyperglycaemia lowering, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, C. papaya , C. lanatus seeds

In vitro assessment of antioxidant potential and determination of polyphenolic compounds of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch