Assessment of natural resource potential of the agroecosystems of Ukraine and the EU countries by phosphorus balance

The article considers the results of many years of field experiment (1968-2018) conducted in the Central part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (Vladimir region). The research was carried out during eleven rotations of the four-field grain crop rotation. The study shows the effect of use of organic and mineral fertilizers applied in various doses and combinations on crop rotation yield, fertility of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. It was found that the organomineral fertilizer system (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) provided stable crop rotation productivity (on average for eleven rotations) at the level of 39.9 c. e./ha, or 79.7 % higher than the control without fertilizers. The mineral fertilizer system at medium doses of fertilizers (N50P25K60) was at the level of the organomineral system. The organic system was inferior in efficiency to the mineral system, both at medium doses (manure 10 t/ha) and at elevated doses (manure 20 t/ha). At the same time, the long-term use of organic fertilizers provided an increase in the humus content, depending on the dose of litter manure, by 16-36 % compared to the initial values. The use of organic fertilizers led to the stabilization of the content of available forms of potassium in the soil at an average and elevated level, respectively. Stabilization of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil at the level of average supply was noted in mineral, organomineral and organic fertilizer systems, respectively, with low and medium doses. When using increased doses of fertilizers, there is a further increase in the content of nutrients in the soil. Growing crops in crop rotation without the use of organic and mineral fertilizers gradually led to a decrease in yield. The use of fertilizers provided greater stability of crop yields over the years of the study compared to the variant without fertilizers. The soil in the variants with organic (manure 20 t/ha) and organomineral (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) fertilizer systems was characterized by high values of the main physiological groups of microorganisms. The ratio of the number of amylolytic and proteolytic microorganisms was 1.1-1.2, that indicated a balance in the processes of mineralization of organic matter in the soil and its humification.

Системи удобрення батату (ipomoеa batаtas) в умовах Лівобережного Лісостепу України

The goal of the study is the scientific substantiation of the criteria for the use of fertilizers safe for the health of the population in soil restoration with the implementation of European requirements for the quality of organic materials in order to implement the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On measures to increase the level of chemical safety in the territory of Ukraine” (clause 2.3), put into effect the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated March 19, 2021 No. 104/202/ Objects and methods of research. The objects of the research are the physical, chemical and sanitary-toxicological indicators of fertilizers (reports of own research of past years), the conditions of their use according to the nature of the action according to the regulatory and technical documentation agreed in previous years. The work was carried out by the method of hygienic analysis of available data and comparative sanitary-hygienic assessment of the features of the impact on the soil using the analysis of literary data. The research used data from its own laboratory instrumental studies, performed according to approved methods on certified equipment. Research results and discussion. Currently, reclamation measures to restore the state and fertility of the soil are extremely important, they are a guarantee and one of the most important components of the country's food security. The amount of nutrients available to plants in the soil is constantly decreasing, and therefore the main measure to increase productivity in agriculture is the application of various types of fertilizers: mineral, organo-mineral, organic and complex. Fertilizers have the main function of creating optimal harmonic ratios between nutrients in the soil. Based on the analysis of indicators of the main mineral (synthetic) and organic groups of fertilizers, signs of their influence on the condition (structure, physical and chemical properties, fertility) of the soil were established. When using fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), the yield of cultivated agricultural plants increases significantly, but the mobility of nutrients and exchangeable forms of calcium and magnesium in the soil increases dramatically, which disrupts soil processes, in particular, increases acidity, deteriorates physical, physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Long-term application of fertilizers as nutrients leads to deterioration of soil fertility and changes in their structure. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, organic fertilizers work to improve and restore depleted lands, which leads to improved conditions for plant growth. The greatest advantage of organic fertilizers is a positive natural effect on soil quality indicators, since the introduction of organic substances increases the soil's ability to retain moisture, promotes the restoration of colonies of agronomically useful microorganisms and adds the main nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) in a plant-friendly form. For soils affected by military actions, the most effective fertilizers are organic fertilizers, which are able to bind heavy metals with the formation of immobile complexes, contribute to the restoration of microbiota and the humus layer after fire damage. In turn, soil microorganisms participate in the transformation and retention of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which not only prevents the emission of greenhouse gases, but also ensures the absorption of carbon from the atmosphere and the accumulation and retention of it and nitrogen in the soil, contributing to the mitigation of the effects of climate change. In addition, the use of organic fertilizers from natural renewable sources (plants, animal by-products, minerals) creates conditions for the development of organic agriculture with the production of products that are more beneficial for health. Conclusions. It has been established that, by all indications, organic fertilizers are more suitable for the tasks of restoration of disturbed soils and in the future should replace traditional mineral (synthetic) fertilizers and protect the environment. The use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers and soil improvement mixtures will benefit both the environment and agriculture, as improving the quality of the soil will contribute to the improvement of conditions for plant growth and the nutritional value of agricultural crops, increase yields on a long-term permanent basis and reduce costs for producers. Keywords. Soil, fertility, recovery, organic and mineral fertilizers, nutrients, effect on quality, beneficial effect.

The broad objective of the study is to comparatively analyse the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers among yam farmers. The specific objectives are to determine farmers preference for the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers , their average yam yields per hectare and the annual income realized from the sales of yam. It also include the examination of various factors militating against the use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers .To achieve this, the study was conducted in Shiroro Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria.The methodology involved a stepwise random sampling of 10 wards, 19 villages and purposive sampling of 131 yam farmers. Primary data were collected with the aid of Interview Schedule that was validated by experts and tested for reliability using Test- retest method ( r = 0.83). Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to analyse data collected for the study. Hypotheses were tested at 5% significant level. Results showed that 40.5% and 59.5% of the farmers preferred the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers respectively. Findings also indicated that there was no significant difference between annual yam yields per hectare, using organic and inorganic fertilizers. However, the study confirmed a significant difference between the income realized from sales of yam by the farmers. This might be connected to different marketing strategies being adopted by individual farmer. It is recommended that Extension Agents (EAs) should encourage farmers to adopt the use of organic fertilizers with a view to complementing the use of inorganic fertilizers which were considered very expensive and not readily available by the yam farmers.Key words: Organic fertilizer, Inorganic fertilizer, Yield, Income, Soil nutrients and Yam

The aim. Medical, sanitary and toxicological assessment of the main categories of fertilizers based on the content of chemical components with the determination of priority indicators of probable risk to human health, safety for the quality of agricultural products and raw materials, and environmental objects. Materials and methods. Toxicological passports, scientific reports on sanitary and epidemiological assessment of technical conditions for production and conditions for obtaining organic raw materials, protocols of own research on physicochemical and sanitary and toxicological indicators of various types of fertilizers. 108 documents from previous years were processed on the assessment of indicators of various types of fertilizers. The assessment was carried out by the method of hygienic analysis taking into account the peculiarities of action. Results. Analysis of the results of the conducted studies shows that according to the criteria for assessing the medical and sanitary indicators of the impact of fertilizers on the body, mineral, organo-mineral and complex fertilizers are assessed mainly as low-hazard (IV) and moderately hazardous (III) toxicity classes, and organic fertilizers are assessed as low-hazard (IV) substances under the condition of complete deinvasion. It should be noted that by the nature of the action and probable consequences for the environment, it is the use of organo-mineral and organic fertilizers that ensures the sustainable reproduction and preservation of soil fertility, which occurs by creating optimal conditions for their biological activity, which is the basis for the normal functioning of the entire ecosystem. Improving fertility includes balancing physical, chemical and biological properties to optimize the number and diversity of soil organisms. The organic system prefers the use of such energy resources that are attracted from the outside and have a biological origin, and are not products of chemistry. Organic and organo-mineral fertilizers restore the most important property of the soil — fertility, due to the introduction of organic components they increase its quality indicators, the ability to retain moisture and nutrients, which helps to improve the conditions for plant growth. Although mineral fertilizers are well absorbed by plants, when their intake into the soil is exceeded, they harm the environment, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution of water sources. Despite this, in Ukraine there is currently no separate document on the assessment indicators and conditions for handling fertilizers in general, and there are only regulatory documents on pesticides and the soil itself, which requires the development of a separate document on the safe use of fertilizers in accordance with EU requirements. Conclusions. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the characteristics and features of the action of different types of fertilizers, it was established that the most effective comprehensive measure for the restoration of degraded soils is the use of organomineral and organic fertilizers, which contribute to the restoration of the soil structure, prevent its depletion and chemical pollution, and restore fertility. The use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers helps to maintain a stable ecosystem, preserving a safe environment for future generations. Currently, the issue of implementing European sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the use of fertilizers as a significant factor in soil restoration in order to prevent negative impacts on the health of the population of Ukraine is relevant.

Agricultural soils of semi-arid Mediterranean areas are often subjected to depletion of their chemical, physical, and biological properties. In this context, organic fertilization, in addition to providing nutrients for a longer time in respect to mineral fertilization, improves many other characteristics related to soil fertility. Moreover, the combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers may promote a more sustainable crop production. However, a concern on the long-term use of organic fertilizers arises in relation to the possible accumulation of toxic elements in soil and their transfer to human beings. For this reason, a long-term study on nutrient and toxic element total concentrations and availabilities during fertilization treatments was carried out. In particular, mineral NPK fertilized soils, soils amended with biowaste compost, soils amended with biowaste compost plus mineral nitrogen, and unfertilized soils were analyzed for 11 chemical elements. The results highlighted that temporal variations in total and bioavailable concentrations of both nutrients and toxic elements, occurring also in unfertilized soils, are wider than those related to fertilization treatments. Anyway, soil amendments with biowaste compost, alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers, reduce Cu bioavailability but improve K, Fe, Mn, and Zn availabilities, excluding at the same time a long-term accumulation in soil. Total and bioavailable toxic element concentrations (apart from available Cd) do not vary in relation to fertilization treatments.

Soil has played major roles throughout human history and civilizations. In sub-Saharan Africa, the soil has been subjected to key challenges such as organic matter export, loss to termites, burning, and diversion to competing uses. These issues lead to a decline in fertility that threatens the sustainability of actual agricultural systems. Therefore the use of organic fertilizers and conservation agriculture is promoted. Farmers recycle organic resources by composting and other practices. However, the adoptions of both organic fertilizers and conservation agriculture have remained low due to limited knowledge on these practices, lack of policy support, and insufficient labor. In response, emphasis on the use of organic resources and mineral fertilizers in Africa has been shifting over the years. Here we review the current role of organic resources in the farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa in order to clarify avenues for enhancing it. The major points are (1) due to their increasing recognition of the role of organic fertilizers in the farming systems, policy-makers in Africa are increasingly supporting issues of sustainable agricultural production systems. (2) There is an increasing awareness on the need for efficiency in the use of organic resources. (3) The consensus that the most sustainable gains in crop productivity are achieved from combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers is driving forward integrated soil fertility management in Africa. (4) Small farmers who are generally unable to apply the recommended rates of organic resources are increasingly experimenting options to upgrade their use of organic inputs.

Использование нетрадиционных органических удобрений в системе земледелия, возможно только после исследований, позволяющих доказать их агрономическую эффективность, а также экологическую безопасность для почв и продукции растениеводства. В настоящей работе исследовано влияние грунта из осадка сточных вод (ОСВ) муниципальных очистных сооружений на урожайность бобово-злаковых и злаковых трав и агрохимическую характеристику дерново-подзолистой почвы. Компост на основе ОСВ приготовлен в соотношении торф: ОСВ 1:0,25. Действие ОСВ в опыте сравнивали с использованием полуперепревшего навоза крупного рогатого скота (КРС) в разных дозах, а также с применением органических удобрений в комплексе с минеральными. Отмечено, что в вариантах с применением осадка сточных вод увеличивается урожайность исследуемых культур по сравнению с контролем. Прибавка биомассы зависела от дозы компоста в первый и второй годы проведения опыта. При этом подкормка полным минеральным удобрением на фоне последействия органических удобрений была наиболее эффективной в третий год проведения опыта. Применение органических удобрений положительно влияло на агрохимические свойства почвы. Увеличилось содержание органического вещества и биогенных элементов (подвижных P2O5, К2О), отмечена стабилизация кислотно-основных свойств почвы. Обнаружена положительная корреляционная связь между урожайностью вико-овсяной смеси, райграса пастбищного и содержанием органического вещества в почве, гидролитической кислотностью, содержанием подвижного фосфора. The use of non-traditional organic fertilizers in the farming system is possible only after research to prove their agronomic efficiency, as well as environmental safety for soils and crop products. This work examines the influence of soil from sewage sludge (WSS) from municipal wastewater treatment plants in the city of St. Petersburg on the yield of legumes, cereals and cereal grasses and the agrochemical characteristics of soddy-podzolic soil. Soil based on WSS is prepared from a peat-WSS ratio of 1:0.25 (recommended dose). The methodology for conducting the field experiment complied with generally accepted guidelines. The effect of WSS in the experiment is compared with options using semi-rotted cattle manure in different doses, as well as with the use of the above-mentioned organic fertilizers with mineral fertilizers. The work noted that in the variants using manure at a dose of 40 t/ha and sewage sludge at the same dose with mineral fertilizers in the first year of the experiment, in the second year – manure 40 t/ha, sewage sludge 40 t/ha, the yield increases compared to other options after two years of experience. The use of organic fertilizers has shown a prolonged effect on the agrochemical properties of the soil: in the second year, the content of organic matter and the content of biogenic elements (mobile P2O5, K2O) increase and the acid-base properties of the soil are stabilized. A positive correlation was found between the yield of vetch-oat mixture and perennial ryegrass with the content of organic matter in the soil, hydrolytic acidity, and the content of available phosphorus.

The purpose of the article – to perform comparative analysis of the economic effectiveness of the 10 samples of organic fertilizer of pig farm, bio humus “Humivit” and mineral fertilizers (Nitroamofoska, ammonium nitrate, carbamide) on the example of oats. The study used the following methods: abstract-logical, cash-analytical, cash-equivalent, expert, monographic. The research was done in Ukraine. The results of the comparative analysis of economic effectiveness of the 10 samples of organic pig fertilizer, bio humus “Humivit” and mineral fertilizers (Nitroamofoska, ammonium nitrate, carbamide) in the example of oats on the green mass show that the use of organic fertilizers sample number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 is an economically effective, while organic fertilizers of sample number 7, 8, 9 are economically inefficient. By the main indicators of economic effectiveness (coefficients of payback, conditional additional profit, level of profitability) organic fertilizers sample number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 have significant competitive advantages over the studied brands of mineral fertilizers and bio humus “Humivit”. The use of organic pig fertilizers, except the sample number 8, in economic terms for the impact on potential soil fertility is more effective than bio humus “Humivit”. The most significant economic benefits for the impact on potential soil fertility are samples of organic fertilizers pig number 1, 5, 10, whose application generates the lowest cost price of humus. The element of novelty is that with using the author’s scientific and methodical approach it was conducted the estimation of economic effectiveness of the liquid organic fertilizer of pig farm for the impact on potential soil fertility.

Цветная капуста обладает высокой требовательностью к плодородию почвы, элементам минерального питания, влажности почвы и воздуха. Приведены данные по влиянию органических, минеральных и органоминеральных удобрений на урожайность цветной капусты. Сорта и гибриды капусты цветной хорошо отзывались на органические и минеральные удобрения. Применение минеральных удобрений в дозе N120P120K180 увеличивало урожайность на 18,9 %, а внесение биокомпоста в дозе 6 т/га – на 15,2 %. Наиболее эффективно было их совместное использование, которое обеспечивало прибавку урожая на 27,3 % по сравнению с контролем. Повышения урожайности и рентабельности цветной капусты можно добиться оптимизацией питательного режима и внедрением новых высокоурожайных сортов и гибридов, отзывчивых на применение удобрений. Цель работы – изучить отзывчивость сортов и гибридов капусты цветной на внесение минеральных, органических удобрений (компостов) и их комбинаций. В 2020-2022 г. во ВНИИО-филиал ФГБНУ ФНЦО на аллювиальных луговых почвах р. Москвы были проведены комплексные исследования по изучению реакции отечественных и зарубежных сортов и гибридов цветной капусты на внесение органических (птичий компост в дозе 6 т/га) и минеральных (N120P120K180) удобрений и их сочетаний, а также по влиянию этих удобрений на качество продукции. Было изучено семь сортов и гибридов капусты цветной отечественной и зарубежной селекций. Результаты исследований показали, что в целом минеральные удобрения в дозе N120P120К180 увеличили урожайность капусты в среднем на 13%, органические на 15, а комплексное применение минеральных удобрений и биокомпоста – на 27%. Наиболее высокий уровень урожайности и отзывчивости на удобрения отмечен у гибридов Гудман и Скайвокер. Качество соцветий цветной капусты под влиянием удобрений существенно изменялось. Наиболее высокое содержание сухих веществ, сахаров и витамина С наблюдалось при применении биокомпоста. Cauliflower has a high demand for the level of soil fertility, elements of mineral nutrition, soil moisture and air. Data on the effect of organic, mineral and organomineral fertilizers on the yield of cauliflower heads are presented. Varieties and hybrids of cauliflower responded well to the use of organic and mineral fertilizers. The use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N120P120K180increased yield by 18.9%, and the introduction of biocompost at a dose of 6 t / ha – by 15.2%. The most effective was their combined use, which provided an increase in yield by 27.3% compared with the control. Increasing the yield and profitability of cauliflower can be achieved by optimizing the nutritional regime and introducing new high-yielding varieties and hybrids responsive to the use of fertilizers. The purpose of the work: to study the responsiveness of varieties and hybrids of cauliflower to the application of mineral, organic fertilizers (compost) and their combinations. In 2020-2022, comprehensive studies were conducted at VNIIO-a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Research Institute on alluvial meadow soils of the Moscow River to study the reaction of domestic and foreign varieties and hybrids of cauliflower to the introduction of organic (poultry compost at a dose of 6 t/ha) and mineral (N120P120K180) fertilizers and their combinations, as well as the effect of these fertilizers on product quality. Seven varieties and hybrids of cauliflower of domestic and foreign selection were studied. The research results showed that, in general, mineral fertilizers at a dose of N120P120K180increased the yield of cabbage by an average of 13%, organic by 15%, and the complex use of mineral fertilizers and biocompost by 27%. The highest level of productivity and responsiveness to fertilizers was noted in Goodman and Skywalker hybrids. The quality of cauliflower inflorescences changed significantly under the influence of fertilizers. The highest content of dry substances, sugars and vitamin C was noted when using biocompost.

Water scarcity is one of those issues. Reuse of wastewater from textile industries is a very common strategy to cope with water scarcity. Continuous use of effluent water for agricultural purposes results in negative impacts on physicochemical properties of soil and plant. Organic fertilizers are considered beneficial for soil and crop quality. To exploit the strategies to use this effluent water safely for crop production a pot experiment was conducted with different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers viz. T1= Control (tap water + Recommended dose of NPK (130, 95 and 65 kg ha-1), T2=Wastewater + Recommended dose of NPK, T3=Wastewater + Organic fertilizer (200 kg ha-1) + Remaining NPK from inorganic fertilizer, T4=Wastewater + Organic fertilizer (400 kg ha-1) + Remaining NPK from inorganic fertilizer, T5 =Wastewater + Organic fertilizer (600 kg ha-1) + Remaining NPK from inorganic fertilizer and T6=Wastewater + Organic fertilizer (800 kg ha-1) + Remaining NPK from inorganic fertilizer. It was observed that integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer (800 kg ha-1 organic and remaining of recommended dose from inorganic fertilizer + effluent water) enhanced the growth and yield of wheat crop. In a study found that the use of organic fertilizer could help mitigate the negative impact of textile effluent water on wheat growth.

To determine the effectiveness of the use of organic fertilizers on the growth rate of grass mulato (brachiaria hybrid cv mulato) which is planted on the soil after mining PT. Vale, bro. located in sorowako, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This Research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial (4 x 3) with 3 times replication for each treatment combination. Factor A as a type of fertilizer and Factor B as a cutting age. Experiments are 36 total units. The results showed that the plant height given liquid organic fertilizer was significantly higher (P <0.01) than the plant height rate in the post-mining soil which was given granular fertilizer. This difference occurs because liquid organic fertilizer is faster absorbed by plants than organic solid fertilizer (granules). Post-mining land which is used as a medium for mulato grass growth is actually not a barrier to use. The conclusion of this research is the use of organic fertilizers in the cultivation of grass mulato (Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato) on post-mining land gave a positive response. The use of organic liquid fertilizer provides the best response compared to the control and solid organic fertilizer (granule).

To determine the effectiveness of the use of organic fertilizers on the growth rate of grass mulato (brachiaria hybrid cv mulato) which is planted on the soil after mining PT. Vale, bro. located in sorowako, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This Research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial (4 x 3) with 3 times replication for each treatment combination. Factor A as a type of fertilizer and Factor B as a cutting age. Experiments are 36 total units. The results showed that the plant height given liquid organic fertilizer was significantly higher (P <0.01) than the plant height rate in the post-mining soil which was given granular fertilizer. This difference occurs because liquid organic fertilizer is faster absorbed by plants than organic solid fertilizer (granules). Post-mining land which is used as a medium for mulato grass growth is actually not a barrier to use. The conclusion of this research is the use of organic fertilizers in the cultivation of grass mulato (Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato) on post-mining land gave a positive response. The use of organic liquid fertilizer provides the best response compared to the control and solid organic fertilizer (granule).

The results of investigations of changes in the content of mobile forms of trace elements and heavy metals under the systematic use of organic and mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on gray forest soil are given. It was established that the use of fertilizers had little effect on the accumulation of these indicators in the soil relative to the initial state, but the excess of the MPC level was not observed for all elements. The most organoleptic fertilizer system (12 t/ha manure + N 60 P 60 K 68 ) was found to be the most effective both in the processes of accumulation of the most significant microelements in the life of plants and in the creation of a high level of productivity of the crop rotation. Under these conditions, a rational ratio between calcium and magnesium is noted. The use of organic fertilizers, creating conditions for the reproduction of humus stocks and optimization of the structure of hydrocarbons, does not provide optimal parameters for available forms of nutrients in the soil environment for field crop rotation crops. Application of purely mineral fertilizers at high loads in fertilizer systems is agronomically unworkable.

Sustainable agriculture is an important global issue. The use of organic fertilizers can enhance crop yield and soil properties while restraining pests and diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of long-term use of chemical and organic fertilizers on tea and rhizosphere soil properties in tea orchards. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-throughput sequencing technology analyses were used to investigate heavy metals content and bacterial composition in rhizosphere soils. Our results indicated that organic fertilizer treatment significantly decreased Cu, Pb and Cd contents in rhizosphere soil sample. The results also showed that treatment with organic fertilizer significantly decreased the contents of Cd, Pb and As in tea leaves. Furthermore, organic fertilizer significantly increased the amino acids content of tea and the pH of the soil. The use of organic fertilizer significantly increased in the relative abundance of Burkholderiales, Myxococcales, Streptomycetales, Nitrospirales, Ktedonobacterales, Acidobacteriales, Gemmatimonadales, and Solibacterales, and decreased the abundance of Pseudonocardiales, Frankiales, Rhizobiales, and Xanthomonadales. In conclusion, organic fertilizer can help to shape the microbial composition and recruit beneficial bacteria into the rhizosphere of tea, leading to improved tea quality and reduced heavy metals content in rhizosphere soil and tea leaves.