Assessment of Hydropower Potential for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of the Waleme River

Turkish government agencies support capital investments in electricity generation from renewable energy sources. When making support decisions related with renewable electrical energy sources, the government agencies should consider various issues such as renewability, cleanliness, origin of the source, supply security, cost per kilowatt hour (kWh), and total electricity generation capacity. The tariff mechanism being used in Turkey provides constant rates per kWh of electricity generated from renewable energy sources. The levels of the rates are determined to stimulate renewable energy sources’ usage. In this paper, instead of a constant rate, a feed-in tariff is calculated for each individual electricity generation project using renewable energy source and its level is increased according to the source’s desirability with respect to other renewable energy sources. Various criteria are taken into account in determination of electrical energy sources’ desirability. Furthermore, a combination of two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches (the fuzzy versions of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)) is used in obtaining a ranking among alternative renewable electrical energy sources. The developed support model’s applicability is illustrated in this paper. The new model developed in this paper has many key benefits. For example, for an individual renewable electrical energy project, final cost per kWh can be calculated and multiplied by new Support Constant to calculate feed-in tariff purchase price per kWh. In another key benefit of the developed model, only local instead of state-wide renewable electrical energy projects can be compared within the AHP-TOPSIS decision hierarchy.

It is an indisputable fact that energy plays a big role in the development of countries. Electrical energy has a great share in the development. Electricity is a secondary energy source, i.e. it is obtained by transforming primary energy sources. Although the desired level has not yet been reached, Turkey’s installed power has increased by years and a wide variety of energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric energy, wind, solar and other renewable energy sources are used in electricity generation. At this point, it is observed that the share of renewable energy sources in total electricity generation has increased from year to year. It should be underlined that this increase is very important for the country’s economy. In this study, Turkey’s electricity generation by sources for the years 2020 and 2021 was predicted with artificial neural network (ANN) and bidirectional long short - term memory (BLSTM) methods using the data for electricity generation by sources in the years 2010-2019. The share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources in total electricity generation for 2020 by ANN and BLSTM methods was calculated as 18.08% and 18.6% respectively. For 2021, the share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources in total electricity generation was calculated as 21.95% and 21.68% respectively. These results show that the share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources in total electricity generation will increase. Finally, suggestions were made on what kind of roadmap should be followed in the field of investments in renewable energy resources.

The various needs of human domiciled in the isolated rural areas can be fulfilled using locally available renewable energy (RE) sources especially when a grid extension becomes economically unviable. The off-grid rural electrification using single RE source may not be economical and reliable due to the intermittent operating characteristics of the major RE sources. The integrated system designed using two or more indigenous RE sources along with the energy storage device can overcome the demerits of single RE source-based system. This paper aims to present a review on implementation methodology of the integrated renewable energy system (IRES) modeling for off-grid rural electrification. In this context, a review on the earlier studies conducted on the IRES for off-grid rural electrification has been carried out, and the discussion on the various configurations, design approach, and the steps involved in modeling methodology of the off-grid IRES has been presented, which can be useful for planning the off-grid IRES to electrify the remote rural areas. This study will be useful to the researchers working on RE sources based stand-alone power generation for remote rural areas.

Recently, the environmental and health threat from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) of power plants has been considered as one of the main reasons for global climate change [1]. The undesirable increase in global temperature is very likely because of increase the concentrations of these syngas in the atmosphere. The most important resource of these anthropogenic GHG emissions in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide emissions. At present, fossil fuels provide approximately 85% of the world’s demand of electric energy [2]. Many modern technologies in the electricity generation sector have been developed as sources of new and renewable energies. These new technologies include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and hydro energy. While these sources of renewable energy are often seen as having zero greenhouse gas emissions, the use of such technologies can be problematic. Firstly, sources of renewable energy are often still under development. Therefore, there can be a higher cost involved in their installation and in other related technical requirements. Secondly, the sudden switching of these energy sources (zero emission) has caused serious problems with the infrastructure of energy supply and global economy [3]. In order to reduce the problem and obey the new environmental and political legislation against global warming, it is necessary to find an appropriate solution to cut pollution which is with cost-effective, from the energy sources. The most effective technique, which can achieve a high level of reduction in GHG emission to atmospheric zone, is to capture carbon dioxide from the conventional power generations. At present, several organizations, energy research centres, companies, and universities, particularly in developed countries, are working to develop these conventional power plants in order to make them more environmentally friendly, with near-zero emissions sources. This chapter continues on different CO2 capture technologies such as pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture, and oxy-fuel combustion capture. The developments on

Opening address to Wind, Fire and Water: Renewable Energy and Birds

Promotional policy and perspectives of usage renewable energy in Lithuania

The article presents the results of a study of various low-carbon energy sources based on a multi-criteria analysis for the purpose of a comprehensive environmental and economic assessment of the effectiveness of their use. The peculiarity of the study is that it analyzed both renewable energy sources and traditional fossil fuel based ones using innovative technologies for carbon dioxide capture and storage, as well as nuclear energy. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comprehensive assessment based on three criteria: normalized cost of electricity LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy)/LEC (Levelized Energy Cost), specific value of carbon dioxide emissions and material intensity expressed in total MI (Material Input) numbers. The hypothesis of the study is as follows: the introduction of the criterion of material intensity in MI numbers into a comprehensive assessment will allow one to identify low-carbon energy sources with the greatest ecological and economic effect. As a result, it was found that in 2023, the global energy capacity of low-carbon energy sources reached 51.8%, but the share of energy produced by them is significantly lower, amounting to only 39.4%. The multi-criteria analysis made it possible to identify low-carbon energy sources that, at the lowest cost, provide the greatest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, and at the same time reduce the overall environmental impact by reducing the disturbance of biospheric material flows. Wind farms have high ecological and economic efficiency, while solar energy sources and bioelectric power plants – slightly less so. Geothermal and hydroelectric power plants have a low normalized cost of electricity, but they have relatively high values of material intensity. The environmental and economic efficiency of nuclear power is higher than that of gas and coal-fired power plants using carbon dioxide capture technologies; it occupies an intermediate position between renewable and traditional energy sources. An unexpected established fact is that gas and coal-fired power plants with carbon dioxide capture technologies have the same environmental and economic efficiency. The results obtained can be useful in making decisions about the possibility of prioritizing the development of individual low-carbon energy sources.

As renewable energy sources contribute significantly few emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere, more and more countries are developing technology that leads to their more efficient and reliable use (e.g. wind farms and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems) in electric power generation. During the past several decades, the United States (US) has been a leading innovator in the research and development of renewable energy technologies. This article reviews recent trends in sources of renewable energy, including hydroelectric, wind, biomass, solar PV, and geothermal energy sources for electricity generation in the US and their potential and predicts their success in the future.

A statistical study for the impact of REMS and nuclear energy on carbon dioxide emissions reductions in G20 countries

Strong governance is vital for developing environmental policies to promote renewable energy consumption and discourage nonrenewable energy sources. The present research explores the effect of economic growth and different governance indicators on renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka using data from 1996 to 2019. For this purpose, the study uses different econometric techniques to find the long-term effects of the rule of law, regulatory quality, corruption control, government effectiveness, political stability, voice and accountability, and economic growth on oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, and renewable energy consumption. The results show that economic growth has a positive impact on all investigated renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Additionally, regulatory quality measures also increase all types of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption. Except for natural gas, the impact of the rule of law is negative, and government effectiveness positively affects all energy sources. Control of corruption has a positive effect on natural gas consumption. Political stability has a negative effect on nonrenewable energy sources and a positive impact on renewable energy sources. The magnitudes of the effects of economic growth and most governance indicators are found to be larger on nonrenewable sources than renewable sources. The testing of the energy consumption and governance nexus is scant in global literature and is missing in South Asian literature. Hence, the study results contribute to how South Asian economies can be more sustainable in energy use by enhancing governance indicators in the economies. Particularly, the results imply that these countries should focus on improving the rule of law, corruption control, governance, regulatory quality, political stability, and economic growth to help maintain a sustainable balance of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Moreover, this issue needs further attention in developing countries, as governance indicators would play an effective role in promoting sustainable energy.

Mozambique and Tanzania are countries with very low rural electrification rates – far below 5% percent of the rural population use electricity. The pace of rural grid electrification is slow and for most remote areas access to the national electricity grids will not occur within a foreseeable future. Off-grid (decentralized) electricity grids are seen as a complement and fore-runner to the national grid, making electricity available many years in advance and creating demand and a customer base. Most off-grid systems are supplied by diesel generators which entail unreliable and costly electricity. Alternative off-grid energy sources exist in the region, such as biofuels, wind, micro-hydro and solar PV; but there are significant barriers to adoption, adaptation and diffusion of such RE-based technologies. In this study, the specific drivers and barriers for rural electrification and off-grid solutions in both countries are explored across a stakeholder spectrum. It is part of a larger research effort, undertaken in collaboration between Swedish and African researchers from natural, engineering and social sciences, aiming at an interdisciplinary assessment of the potential for an enhanced utilization of available renewable sources in off-grid solutions. By qualitative methodology, data was collected in semi-structured stakeholder interviews carried out with ten national level energy sector actors. Findings illustrate countryspecific institutional, financial and poverty-related drivers and barriers to grid and off-grid electrification, as perceived by different energy sector stakeholders.

The increasing world population, and therefore the increasing of the energy demand bring us to the scenario in which the energetic solutions have to be supported by the renewable energy sources, i.e., solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. Due to the geographic location of Ecuador, these types of energy sources can be considered during the analysis, design and implementation of a rural electrification system. An off-grid electrification is helpful, especially for providing electrical energy in remote areas. The purpose of this work is to analyze and propose a suitable energetic off-grid system solution for rural electrification in a selected county placed in Ecuador. This study is based on in-situ measurements of energy consumption as well as on the quantification of possible energy sources, i.e., solar and wind energy. This analysis is carried out with the help of a simulation tool. Considering the real obtained data, the electric load profile for a community is estimated and a complete system is proposed. Additionally, technical and economic details of a Wind-Solar

PROTOCOL: Access to Electricity for Improving Health, Education and Welfare in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Growing energy demand has exacerbated the issue of energy security and causes us to necessitate the utilization of renewable resources. The best alternative for promoting electricity generation in Bangladesh with renewable energy is solar photovoltaic technology and grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly being popular considering solar potential and the recent cost of PV modules. This study proposes a grid-connected system using solar PV with a net metering strategy using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables model. Outcomes reveal combining 420 kW PV with a 405-kW converter and connecting to the utility grid is the least cost and ecologically healthy configuration of the system. Electricity generation cost is estimated to be 0.0725 dollars per kilowatt-hour with a payback period of 6.4 years based on the system’s 20-year lifespan. Also, compared to the existing grid and the electricity generation of diesel, the optimized system with a renewable fraction of 31.10%, provides a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions respectively of 191 tons and 1,028 tons each year.

De-risking Renewable Energy Investments in Developing Countries: A Multilateral Guarantee Mechanism