Abstract
The recent deployment of 5G networks is bringing benefits to the population but it is also raising public concern about human RF-EMF exposure levels. This is particularly relevant considering the next 5G mobile devices, which are placed in close proximity to the subjects. Therefore, the aim of the following paper is focused on expanding the knowledge of the exposure levels in 5G exposure scenarios, specifically for mobile applications, using computational methods. The mobile antenna was designed considering the 5G technology innovations (i.e., mm-wave spectrum, beamforming capability, high gain and wide coverage), resulting in a phased-array antenna with eight elements at the working frequency of 27 GHz. To assess the exposure levels, different types of skin models with different grades of details and layers were considered. Furthermore, not only was the presence of a mobile phone user simulated, but also that of a person in their proximity, who could be hit by the main beam of the phased-array antenna. All the simulations were conducted in Sim4Life platform, where the exposure levels were assessed in terms of absorbed power density averaged over 4 cm2 and 1 cm2, following the ICNIRP guidelines. The results highlighted that the use of the homogeneous skin model led to the absorbed power density peaks being greatly underestimated, with respect to those obtained in multilayer skin models. Furthermore, interestingly, we found that the exposure levels obtained for the person passing nearby were slightly higher than those experienced by the mobile phone user himself. Finally, using the allowed input power for real mobile applications, all the values remained below the limits indicated by the ICNIRP guidelines.
Highlights
The obtained forfor thethe three skinskin models in the the results resultsofofthe theexposure exposurelevels levels obtained three models in difthe ferent configurations are are reported in terms of absorbed powerpower density, as indicated in the different configurations reported in terms of absorbed density, as indicated simplicity, all the figures values here reported evaluin the ICNIRP
The distance between the skin models and the antenna was largely greater between thethe skin models and the antenna was peaks, largelyagain greater withAlthough respect tothe thedistance first configuration, results showed similar higher for with respect to the first configuration, the results showed similar higher peaks, again the stratum corneum in the multilayer models
Similar area of 4tocm similar to those measured on 1 cm Similar thewere first configuration, instead, we found that (i) the homogeneous tissue model to the first configuration, instead, we found that (i) the homogeneous tissue model showed a reduction of 39% on the assessment of the exposure levels (absorbed power showed a reduction of on the assessment of the exposure levels, that suggests that the 2 over 1 cm2), that suggests that the density peaks of
Summary
The use of wireless communication systems is characterizing more and more our daily lives and this trend seems not to stop, the total amount of mobile traffic is expected to increase dramatically in the coming years [1]. In this context, the recent worldwide deployment of 5th generation (5G) networks represents the big revolution in mobile communication, providing solutions in order to meet the users’ expected needs in terms of data rate increase, low transmission latency and high device density [2]. We decided to focus on the first licensed
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