Assessment of enzymative and microbiological activity of soil rhizosphere <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. under the influence of treatment of tubers with endophyte bacteria <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> in the conditions of the Cis-Ural Region

A study was conducted to determine the response of potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) to different rates of nitrogen (N) applied as urea (0, 69, 138 and 207 kg/ha) and phosphorus (P) (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ ha) fertilization on Vertisols of Debre Berhan in the highlands of central Ethiopia. Application of 207 kg N/ha delayed days to flowering and physiological maturity by four and nine days, respectively compared to the control. Similarly, it increased plant height by 24 cm, above ground biomass by 224.5%, underground biomass by 108%, marketable tuber yield by 175%, total tuber yield by 119%, marketable tuber number by 95.6%, total tuber number by 34% and average tuber weight by 82% over the control. On the contrary, nitrogen fertilization significantly reduced tuber specific gravity and dry matter content without affecting stem number, unmarketable tuber yield and number, and harvest index. Application of 60 kg P/ha significantly increased days to flowering by two days, plant height by 10.5 cm, aboveground and underground biomass by 32 and 28% respectively, marketable tuber yield by 60%, and marketable tuber number by 43%. Other parameters such as days to physiological maturity, stem number, total tuber yield and number, unmarketable tuber yield and number, average tuber weight, specific gravity, dry matter content and harvest index were not significantly influenced by phosphorus fertilization. Total tuber yield was positively correlated with total tuber number (r = 0.60***), marketable tuber number (r = 0.87***) and average tuber weight (r = 0.81***) indicating that tuber yield increase in response to the fertilization was due to the increase both in tuber number and weight. It was observed that application of 138 kg N and 20 kg P/ha is required for optimum productivity of Gorebiella variety on the vertisols of Debere Berhan in the central highlands of Ethiopia under rain fed conditions. Key words: Debre Berhan, fertilizer, potato, quality, vertisols, yield.

A 3 year field study on a loamy sand soil with medium to high soil test phosphorus (P) concentrations (25 to 33 mg kg−1 Bray P1) was conducted to evaluate the effect of P fertilizer rate, source, and timing, and starter nitrogen (N) rate on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) yield, tuber size, tuber set, petiole P concentration, and P uptake and distribution within the plant. Nine fertilizer treatments compared banded P rates of 0, 37, 42, and 74 kg P ha−1, the P sources monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), P banded at planting vs. split applications at planting and emergence, and starter N rates of 38 and 66 kg N ha−1. Phosphorus fertilizer application increased total tuber yield and yield of undersized tubers (tubers less than 85 g), but decreased the proportion of large-sized tubers (greater than 285 g). Due to the increases in small, unmarketable tubers, P fertilizer application did not have a significant effect on marketable tuber yield (tubers greater than 85 g). The total number of tubers per plant and the number of undersized tubers were also higher, and the number of large tubers was lower, when P was applied compared with the zero P control. Both the number and yield of undersized tubers increased as P application rate increased. Petiole P concentrations were generally consistent with the rate of P applied, but they varied by year in magnitude and their pattern through the season. Petiole P was positively correlated with the number of tubers per plant, but only correlated for 1 year with differences in total yield. Phosphorus application increased total P uptake due primarily to an increase in tuber P concentration. Increases in total uptake and tuber P increased as P application rate increased, but differences in uptake were small relative to the amounts of P applied. Phosphorus source and timing and starter N rate did not consistently affect tuber yield, number, or size, petiole or tuber P concentration, and P uptake. The results of this study indicate that P nutrition can play an important role in regulating tuber set.

A field experiment was conducted during winter season (Oct-Feb) of 2013-14 and 2014-15 with four replications and eight treatments to produce maximum yield of seed size tubers of potato cultivar, “Kufri Pukhraj” by interaction of two nitrogen levels (120 and 150 kg N/ha), two intra row spacing (15 and 20cm), and two crop duration(haulm cutting at 70 and 80 days after planting). The narrow intra row spacing i.e. 15 cm, produced significantly higher yield of seed size grade tubers while wide spacing i.e. 20 cm produced higher yield of large grade tubers. The total tuber yield and tuber number was significantly more in closer spacing. Percent production of seed size tubers to total tubers (both on weight as well as number basis) was higher at narrow spacing. Haulm cutting at 80 days after planting produced significantly higher yield of large grade tuber, while haulm cutting at 70 days after planting, produced significantly higher yield of seed size grades tubers. The total tuber number and tuber yield was significantly higher in haulm cutting at 80 days after planting. Lowest total tuber yield and number was observed in wider spacing with lower nitrogen level and shorter duration. Per cent production (both on weight as well as number basis) of seed size tubers to the total tuber was significantly higher at 60 x 15 cm with 120 kg N /ha and longer crop duration. Plant spacing of 60 x 15 cm with higher fertility levels and shorter crop duration (70 day) was found to be second best treatment in terms of production of seed size tuber.

This study was carried out in two seasons (2010–2011 and 2012–2013) in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria to investigate the growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed tubers as affected by storage conditions and storage duration. Five potato varieties (“Nicola,” “Bertita,” “Diamant,” “BR63-18,” and “Roslin-Ruaka”) were stored for three durations (12, 24, and 32 weeks) in three kinds of stores (room temperature store [RTS], diffused light store [DLS], and air-conditioned store [ACS]). The experimental design was a split–split plot in a randomized complete block design with the potato varieties, storage conditions, and storage durations as the main, sub, and sub–sub plots, respectively. All the parameters assessed varied with variety except the plant height. Germination and establishment were significantly higher in ACS than in RTS and DLS. RTS and DLS resulted in more aboveground stems than ACS. Storage in ACS resulted in a significantly higher plant height, leaf number, total number and yield of tubers, and yield of saleable tubers in both seasons. Seed tubers stored for 24 weeks resulted in the highest establishment count and the mean number of aboveground stems in both seasons. Aboveground stems increased from 12 to 24 weeks of storage and declined at 32 weeks. Seed storage for 12 weeks resulted in the highest total number of tubers, whereas 32 weeks had the lowest number of tubers in both seasons. Seed storage for 12 and 32 weeks resulted in the highest yield of tubers in seasons 1 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, potato varieties varied greatly in the rate of physiological aging; hence, every variety required specific storage conditions and duration for optimal growth and yield.

Endophytic bacteria lived in rice plant have the potential of antagonistic activity against various diseases of rice, including rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. The goal of the research outlined in this paper was to explore the potential uses of rice endophytic bacteria in control of rice bacterial leaf blight. The antagonistic activity of different bacterial strains were significantly different. The number of endophytic bacteria with relative inhibition ratio (RIR) more than 50 % in first screening was 25, in which there was 16 strains with RIR more than 100 % in first screening. The ratio of strains with significant antagonistic activity was 55.56%. 11 strains with RIR more than 100 % in second screening. RIR of the primary extracellular product of 9 strains was more than 150%.

Endophytic bacteria are beneficial microorganisms that interact with host plants without causing disruption or damage to the host. Some studies suggest that certain endophytic bacteria can produce chemical compounds that have an effect on health, especially endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal plants. Green betel (Piper betle L.) is a medicinal plant that has been used for years and has many benefits. The purposes of this study are to isolating and screening of endophytic bacteria from green betel against four pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enteritidis). The number of endophytic bacteria that has been isolated are 14 isolates. Based on the screening results, three isolates of endophytic bacteria have potential activity (characterized by the formation of inhibition zone) against S. aureus. The inhibition zone may indicate that those isolates produce compounds that have antibacterial effects. Those isolates are AS1, BS1 and BS2. The biggest inhibition zone showed by BS1, so it can be concluded that BS1 is the most potential isolate as a novel source of antibacterial compound.

The results of field experiments on potatoes conducted in 2023 on the experimental fields of the Agrobiotechnopark of the Kazan State Agrarian University are presented. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the impact of the use of foliar application of experimental liquid organomineral fertilizers on the formation of the yield and quality of potato tubers. The objectives of the research included studying the nature of changes in the phytosanitary condition, yield and starch content in potato tubers when using a liquid organomineral fertilizer based on humic substances and food industry waste developed at Kazan State Agrarian University. The object of research was the Red Scarlet potato variety. Biosok was used as a standard humic fertilizer. The treatment was carried out in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering with a working fluid consumption of 300 l/ha. The drugs were used individually and as part of a tank mixture. The studies were carried out on gray forest highly cultivated soil. The agroclimatic conditions of the growing season in 2023 were characterized by periodically severe drought phenomena, which negatively affected the growth and development of potato plants. It was established that treatment of potato plantings with experimental organomineral fertilizer contributed to an increase in the number of tubers and their mass formed in one bush. The largest increase (by 3.2 t/ha to the control) in potato yield was obtained when using an experimental fertilizer with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha. When using foliar application of organomineral fertilizer, the infection of tubers of the new crop with dry rot and common scab significantly decreased. Due to the use of experimental fertilizer, there was an increase in the marketability of tubers and an increase in the starch content in them, which is important for industrial potato growing.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second most important legume in the world, grown on an area of approximately 12.6 million ha in 55 countries. Over the past decade (2004-2006 to 2014-2016), the area under chickpea production worldwide has increased by 23% and the yield by 17%. Chickpea varieties yield 0.6-0.8 t/ha on rainfed lands of Uzbekistan and 2.2-3.2 t/ha on irrigated lands. Depending on the planting method and the biology and morphology of the variety, 60-80 kg of seed is used per ha. In Uzbekistan, it is mostly cultivated on fertile lands. On irrigated lands, inter-row cultivation is carried out 1-2 times. The main goal of this research is to select new productive genotypes with high photosynthetic productivity and suitable for harvesting by mechanisms. According to the results of measurements carried out in the budding, flowering and podding phases, the NDVI value varied from 0.235-0.683. When studying the relationship between NDVI and yield, it was found that there was a positive correlation of r=0.1 in the budding phase, r=0.31 in the flowering phase, and r=0.44 in the podding phase. The amount of chlorophyll in the budding, flowering, and podding phases varied from 22.6 to 49.6. When studying the relationship between the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf and yield, it was found that there was a positive correlation of r=0.33 in the budding phase, r=0.28 in the flowering phase, and r=0.22 in the podding phase. It is clear from this that increasing the green biomass of a plant contributes to increasing productivity. A decrease in the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves during the final stages of development reduces photosynthetic productivity and leads to a decrease in productivity. The KR20-CICTN-17 (Bardosh) variety, which ripens early, is productive, is adapted to mechanization, has high photosynthetic productivity, and has indicators higher than the standard varieties, was selected in the competitive variety testing nursery and was recommended for submission to the Center for Testing Agricultural Crop Varieties.

The experiment was conducted during main rain fall season from June to October, 2018 in Adet, Ethiopia with the objective of estimating the correlation and identifying the direct and indirect effect of yield contributing traits on potato crop. 36 potato genotypes were evaluated in simple lattice design in two replications. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant (p<0.001) difference among potato genotypes for all traits except average stem number. Total tuber yield was positively correlated with days to maturity, plant height, average stem number, marketable, unmarketable, total tuber number and marketable yield while it was negatively correlated with late blight severity percentage at both phenotypic and genotypic level. High correlation was observed between total tuber yield and marketable tuber yield (rp=0.982 and rg=0.986) followed by total tuber number (rp=0.735 and rg=0.789), and marketable tuber number (rp=0.700 and rg=0.737). Days to flowering, days to maturity, average stem number, marketable and unmarketable tuber number, starch content percentage, average tuber weight, and unmarketable tuber yield had positive direct effect on the total tuber yield at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Highly direct effect on total tuber yield was observed by marketable and unmarketable tuber number (3.65 and 1.17 respectively) and average tuber weight (0.56). Therefore, traits with significant positive correlated and direct effect on total tuber yield such as days to maturity stem number, marketable tuber number, marketable tuber yield and average tuber weight should be considered in selection criteria for enhancing tuber yield in potato.

В статье обсуждается влияние на проращивание клубней монойодацетата натрия (МИА) совместно с прогреванием (45 °C, 1 ч) в качестве потенциального агента для борьбы с Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms) перед закладкой картофеля на хранение. В работе использованы клубни картофеля (Solanum tuberosum L.) сорта Лукьяновский. В эксперименте присутствовало четыре варианта обработки клубней, в каждом варианте было 30 клубней. После проведенных обработок клубни помещали в условия овощехранилища на 8 месяцев. Весной подсчитывали количество ростков, измеряли длину проростков у клубней и проводили клубневой анализ. Полученные результаты статистически обрабатывали с использованием пакета программ Excel. Показано, что заражение клубней Cms снижало способность клубней к прорастанию. Обработка МИА и прогревание здоровых клубней картофеля перед закладкой на хранение подавляло прорастание клубней, что полезно для продовольственного картофеля. Результаты клубневого анализа показали, что прогревание снижало общее количество больных клубней примерно на 39 %, клубни были менее поражены кольцевой и бурой гнилями. Обработка МИА также способствовала снижению количества клубней, пораженных бурой и кольцевой гнилями. Обработка клубней МИА совместно с прогреванием снижала общее количество больных клубней, пораженных проволочником и пустотелых, кольцевой и сухой гнилями, а также паршой. Обработка МИА и прогреванием инфицированных клубней картофеля перед закладкой на хранение снимала подавляющий эффект бактерий на прорастание. Полученный результат актуален для обработки семенного картофеля, так как кольцевая гниль является латентным заболеванием.

The prevalence of pneumonia in Indonesia was 2% in 2018. Treatment of pneumonia using antibiotics caused resistance to pathogenic bacteria. Endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria from the medicinal plant Acalypha indica Linn., is a new type of bacteria that produces antibacterial compounds against Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study aims to analyze the potency and identify endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria of the A. indica Linn as an antibacterial of K. pneumoniae. The research includes isolation and purification of endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria of the A. indica Linn, antagonistic assay of bacteria cell culture, antibacterial assay of bacteria metabolites, and identification of potential isolates based on 16S rDNA sequence similarity. The results showed that number of rhizosphere bacteria 6.83 × 105 CFU/g was more than endophytic bacteria 1.78 × 104 CFU/g. Diversity of rhizosphere bacterial 0.72 was higher than endophytic bacteria 0.62. The rhizospheric bacteria RU112B and RU315B had the highest activity to inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae. Both isolates RU112B and RU315B were identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus with a similarity 99.83% and Luteimonas terrae with a similarity 99.67% respectively

The nitrogen concentration of AB mix fertilizer in the G2 fertigation system in the field would be influenced by various factors. This research aimed to increase the production of the G2 potato seed by using different concentrations of nitrogen in AB mix fertilizer in the fertigation system. The study was carried out in the G2 seed production area, Lembang, West Java, Indonesia from January to April 2019. The study used a randomized group design with four nitrogen concentrations in AB mix hydroponic fertilizer, namely 200, 215, 230, 245 ppm, and common AB mix (control) with five replications. The results showed that the number of big tubers of all nutrition formulas was higher than the control. The nitrogen concentration treatment increased the number of large tubers, small tubers, and total number of tubers, and decreased the weight per tuber compared to control. The best concentration to get the total number of tubers, small and large tuber, and weight per tuber was 217 ppm. The total number of tubers was affected by 93% by the number of small tubers. Meanwhile, the number of large tubers affected 78% of the tuber weight per plant.

Mulching helps preserve soil fertility by preventing moisture loss, maintaining soil temperature, limiting weed growth, promoting microbial growth, and minimizing soil erosion. An experimental study was conducted to assess the effect of plastic mulching and control conditions (as main factors) on yield attributes of five potato varieties, namely Khumal Seto-1, Desiree, Cardinal, Kufri-Jyoti, and C-88 (as sub-factors), in Dailekh, Nepal during. A Split-plot design was employed comprising altogether ten treatments with three replications each. R-Studio software was used to analyze the data and attribute the responses to growth and yield parameters. The Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to differentiate the treatment means at 5% level of significance. Mulching treatment was found to be significantly more effective than no mulch for all the vegetative growth attributes. Compared to no mulch, the use of plastic mulch produced the greatest plant height (38.66 cm) at 75 DAS, highest number of marketable tubers (11.64), and the total number of tubers per hill (13.04), marketable tuber yield (3.93 kg/m2), and a significantly higher total tuber yield of 25.48 t/ha. Similarly, total tuber yield was found to be highest for Khumal Seto-1 (25.32 t/ha) and least for Kufri-Jyoti (22.38 t/ha). The benefit-cost analysis was found to be significant for the mulch condition and Khumal Seto-1, with promising ratios of 3.28 and 3.48, respectively. Thus, Khumal Seto-1 under plastic mulching may be used for better productivity of potatoes in Dailekh, and moreover, other readily available and accessible mulch options, including organic mulch-materials, can be utilized.

Cassava plant is widely cultivated by Indonesian people. Research on the development of roots and tubers of cassava is still limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of stem cut size on the root development system and tuber filling in the cassava local genotype “Manggu”. This study consisted of two experiments namely experiments in polybag and in the field. The study was conducted in the IPB experimental field at Cikabayan in December 2017-July 2018. The experiment used a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with two treatments and three replications, namely cuttings of 15 cm and 30 cm. Observation of basal roots, number of nodal roots, length of basal roots, length of nodal roots, number of tubers, number of leaves, plant diameter, and plant height were carried out destructively every week. The results showed that the root bulking process occurred in the nodal root and basal roots and it was observed since 5 WAP. The results showed a positive correlation between the total number of tubers and the number of tubers formed from nodal and basal roots, the number of basal roots, and the length of basal roots and it was negatively correlated with the number of leaves. The number of tubers from nodal roots is positively correlated with the number of basal root tubers while it is negatively correlated with the length of the nodal root. The development of roots into cassava tubers occurred since 5 WAP. Cutting size treatments significantly did not affect root development. Keywords: basal root, nodal root, stem cutting, stem length

Endophytic microbes are potential sources of antibiotics. Some numbers of endophytic bacteria were isolated from plants in Ujung Kulon, Kaliurang, Meru Betiri and Baluran National Park, Bogor Botanical Garden, and Nusakambangan forest, Indonesia. Previous studies have been conducted to examine and obtain endophytic bacteria isolates from the selected plants, which resulted in three selected isolates, namely OOH-1, STG-1, and CMB-2. This research was conducted to determine the molecular identity of OOH-1 and STG-1 isolates, as well as to identify antibiotic compounds produced by STG-1 isolate. Molecular identifcation of selected isolates was based on 16S rRNA gene analysis and amplifed using primers 27F and 1492R. A phylogeny tree was then constructed by comparing the resulting sequences with data from Gene Bank using the BLAST-N program. The identifcation showed that STG-1 isolate had a 99% similarity with Pseudomonas brenneri strain SFML 97-391, and OOH-1 isolate had a 99% similarity with Enterobacter xiangfangensis. Identifcation of antibiotic compounds was done by purifcation and separation of the compounds. Antibiotic activity was also examined based on Lethal Concentration (LC50) on Fusarium oxysporum with a LC50 of 0.01–0.02% against Fusarium oxysporum.