Assessment of eHealth Literacy in Healthcare Service Users: Construction and Validation of a Measurement Instrument

BackgroundAlthough the measurement scale developed by Norman and Skinner is the widely used scale to assess consumers’ eHealth literacy, translating and validating the scale for the language of the target population under consideration is necessary. Amharic is the official national language of Ethiopia, with 29.3% of native speakers.MethodsThe total sample size calculated was 187 with 6% non-response rate. The internal consistency of the ET-eHEALS was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Test–retest reliability was assessed by re-administering the ET-eHEALS questionnaire to 74 patients which is 40% of the total sample size. Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) statistic and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were used to check the suitability of performing the factor analysis.ResultsOf the respondents, 63.1% (n=118) were males and 55.1% (n=103) were aged between 18 and 35 years, with 57.2% (n=107) of the participants being educated to high school diploma level or higher. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the translated ET-eHEALS total score was 0.94. Test–retest reliability of ET-eHEALS total score was acceptable for both agreements and consistent with ICC (interclass correlation coefficient) of 0.92. The KMO ratio of sampling appropriateness was acceptable (0.91), and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant with p < 0.001. The EFA (exploratory factor analysis) extracted two factors based on an extraction principle of a minimum eigenvalue of one. The extracted factor explained 80.2% of the common variance which is 51.8% for factor 1 and 28.4% for factor 2. Except for item, item fit for both infit and outfit mean squares were within the adequate range (0.5–1.5).ConclusionThis study depicted that ET-eHEALS is a consistent and valid instrument to evaluate Amharic-speaking chronic patients’ eHealth literacy level. Since there is no prior validation of eHEALS in low-income country, this finding may indicate important directions for further improvement in eHEALS item performance in resource-limited settings.

To develop and validate two new standardised measures assessing, respectively, experienced discrimination (Covid-19 Experienced DISCrimination scale, CEDISC) and internalised stigma (COvid-19 INternalised Stigma scale, COINS) in people who had been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or had developed coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) disease. Both the CEDISC and the COINS were developed in Italian and tested for ease of use, comprehension, acceptability, the relevance of items and response options within a focus group session. Online cross-sectional validation survey was conducted among adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 or who developed Covid-19 disease, members of a closed Facebook discussion group in Italy. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Promax oblique rotation; the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett's test of sphericity were used to assess the suitability of the sample for factor analysis. Reliability was assessed as internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and as test-retest reliability using weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Precision was examined by Kendall's tau-b coefficient. Overall, 579 participants completed the CEDISC, 519 also completed the COINS, 155 completed the retest for both scales after two weeks. The 12 items of the CEDISC converged over a 2-factor solution ('social life' and 'close relations') accounting for 49.2% of the variance (KMO = 0.894; Bartlett's test p < 0.001); the 13 items of the COINS converged over a 3-factor solution ('self-perception', 'close relations' and 'social life') accounting for 67.7% (KMO = 0.827; Bartlett's test p < 0.001). Cronbach's α was 0.848 for the CEDISC, and 0.837 for the COINS. The CEDISC showed three items (25%) with kappa between 0.61 and 0.80 and seven (58.4%) between 0.41 and 0.60, with only two items scoring 0.21 and 0.40; the COINS had ten items (76.9%) with kappa ranging from 0.41 to 0.60, and three items below 0.31. ICC was 0.906 (95% CI, 0.871-0.932) for the, CEDISC and 0.860 (95% CI, 0.808-0.898) for the COINS. Kendall's tau-b ranged from 0.360 to 0.556 (p < 0.001) for the CEDISC and from 0.290 to 0.606 (p < 0.001) for the COINS. Both the CEDISC and the COINS are two valid and reliable scales to be used in studies examining the role of stigma and discrimination of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19 patients, and in research evaluating interventions designed to mitigate stigma in this population.

The purpose of this research is to measure the students' attitude towards statistics. It was necessary to define a certain type of research subjects, so we chose higher education students from the economic-administrative and engineering areas that were taking statistics as a subject in both, public and private universities located in Veracruz - Boca del Rio metropolitan area. The instrument used was the Survey of Attitude towards Statistics (SATS), and we applied it to a sample of 116 students. The statistical technique used was an exploratory factorial analysis with an extracted principal component. The Statistics Hypothesis: $Ho: \rho = 0$ has no correlation, while $Ha: \rho \neq0$ does. Statistics test to prove: $\chi^{2}$, Bartlett's test of sphericity, KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin), Measure of sampling adequacy (MSA) with a significance level: $\alpha=0.01$; $ p \chi^{2}$ tabulated. The results obtained from the Bartlett's test of sphericity, KMO (0.600), Chi square $\chi^{2}$ 74.146 $>$ $\chi^{2}$ tabulated, Sig. $0.00 < p 0.01$, MSA (USF 0.673; ANX 0.521; CNF 0.624; LIK 0.613 and MTV 0.523) provide evidence to reject $Ho$. Global results point out that usefulness and anxiety are the most significant components in measuring students' perception towards statistics. Evidence obtained was enough to reject the null hypothesis, thus we can infer that attitude can be measured based on the cognitive, affective and behavioral components.

The development of The Epileptic Seizure Parental Burden Scale: A validity and reliability study

Psychometric analysis of the short form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) in people with Parkinson's disease.

Romania is considered a country with high cardiovascular risk, arterial hypertension and its complications accounting for about 60% of total deaths. The management of high blood pressure often involves a combination of both therapeutic regimens as well as lifestyle changes, to which patients have to be adherent. In order to assess patients adherence to professionals' recommendations, validated tools are needed. The aim of our study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale into Romanian. The study included 215 participants from Iasi, North-Eastern Romania. The internal consistency of the instrument was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, while the construct validity was determined using exploratory factor analysis and principal component extraction with promax rotation. Sampling adequacy and appropriateness of data for factor analysis was measured using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistics and Bartlett's test of sphericity. Our statistical analysis revealed a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.733 (73.3%) and a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy of 0.697. The chi square test demonstrated that the overall perfect adherence was not significantly associated with the number of medications taken per day variable (p = 0.721). The Romanian version of the Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale demonstrated suitability for its use in evaluating adherence in the intended population.

Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the scales of perceived stigma for children with epilepsy and their parents

Objective: To explore the reliability and validity of the self-reported questionnaire for assessing frame glasses-wearing compliance in myopic children. Methods: The initial item pool of the questionnaire was preliminarily constructed by systematically sorting out the research results related to the compliance of myopic children with spectacle wearing through the literature review method, combined with structured interviews with 5 myopic children. First, 18 experts meeting the specified criteria were selected to conduct 3 rounds of expert consultation to optimize the item pool. Then, 5 experts with a master's degree or above and proficient in scale development methods were selected from them to conduct content validity evaluation. The item-level content validity index (I-CVI) and scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) were calculated to assess the content validity. Meanwhile, the items were optimized in combination with a pilot test (50 myopic children were selected for 3 rounds of pilot surveys) to form the final version of the questionnaire. From November 2022 to January 2023, 494 myopic children aged 10-15 years who wore frame glasses for myopia prevention and control were recruited from urban areas of Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province to conduct a questionnaire survey. For reliability analysis, split-half reliability and Cronbach's α coefficient were used for evaluation; for validity analysis, content validity and construct validity were adopted. Among them, content validity was measured with I-CVI and S-CVI as indicators; construct validity was analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, where the suitability of data was first determined by the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett's test of sphericity, and then evaluated using indicators including the cumulative variance contribution rate of common factors, item factor loading coefficient, and common factor variance. Results: The final questionnaire consisted of 8 scale items and 1 non-scale item. Exploratory factor analysis of the 8 scale items (KMO=0.713, Bartlett's test of sphericity P<0.001) extracted 3 common factors, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 62.565%. The factor loading of each item ranged from 0.52 to 0.88, and the common factor variance of all items was>0.5. Based on this, the 3 factors were named as three dimensions: Glasses-Wearing Habits (3 items), Extent of Glasses Usage (3 items), and Self-Monitoring (2 items). The 1 non-scale item was used to explore the barriers to glasses-wearing compliance. In terms of reliability, the Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.720, and the split-half coefficient was 0.719. In terms of validity, the S-CVI was 0.875, and the I-CVI ranged from 0.800 to 1.000. Conclusion: The questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a standardized tool for assessing glasses-wearing compliance in myopic children aged 10-15 years.

The higher prevalence of hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) has become worrisome in women. Thus, it is essential to identify and measure the perceptions associated with this unhealthy behavior as well as the type of response to risk messages to design the effective programs. This study aimed to psychometric evaluation of a new instrument, named the Extended Parallel Process Model-Hookah Tobacco Smoking Questionnaire (EPPM-HTSQ), for female university students. This methodological study was conducted in 2019-2020 in central and western Iran. The first version of the instrument was developed with 97 items. Face, Content, and construct validity methods were used to assess the EPPM-HTSQ validity. The data viability for factorability was guided through Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sample adequacy (Values >0.7) and Bartlett's test of Sphericity (P < 0.05). The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method with varimax rotation and SPSS software was performed to identify the main factors of the questionnaire and interpretable factors. The internal consistency and external reliability were determined. The test-retest was used for evaluating the stability of tools. During the assessment of the face and content validity 71 items remained in the questionnaire. EFA led to the extraction of nine dimensions: "Focusing on superior rewards," "Response Efficacy," "Perceived physical threat," "Perceived social threat," "Self-efficacy," "Fear control," "Attitude," "Fear," and "Intention" Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test (0.957) and Bartlett's test (P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha (0.871-0.951) and ICC (0.985-0.998) were approved for scale dimensions. Important findings of the present study were the development and validation of the EPPM-HTSQ for measuring EPPM variables in relation to HTS; introducing a new variable "focusing on superior rewards"; as well as, the new classification of the concept of "perceived threat." The final version of the EPPM-HTSQ is a valid and reliable tool, but it is suggested to be re-evaluated in other studies with different populations and sample sizes.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by the presence of gluten. There are Celiac Disease Dutch-Child Quality of Life Scale, Celiac-Specific Pediatric Quality of Life Scale for children/adolescents patients to measure the quality of life. In this study, due to lack of quality of life scales for children with celiac in Turkey, we aimed at Turkish adaptation of the Celiac-Specific Pediatric Quality of Life Scale. This methodological study was conducted in Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital Hospital between July 2019 and July 2020. A total of 192 children were included. Reliability was demonstrated by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Structural validity was evaluated using explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 and Amos were used in analyses. In 8-12 age groups; Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 in negative emotions dimension, 0.88 in school dimension, and 0.74 in enjoyment dimension. In explanatory factor analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy value was 0.698, Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (P < .001). Variance explained was 75.8%. In confirmatory factor analysis, X2/df was 3.26, root mean square error of approximation value was 0.07, comparative fit index value was 0.96. In 13-18 age groups; Cronbach's alpha was 0.87 in social dimension, 0.84 in uncertainty dimension, 0.78 in isolation dimension, and 0.83 in limitations dimension. In explanatory factor analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.684, Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (P < .001). Variance explained was 68.6%. In confirmatory factor analysis, X2/sd value was 3.78, root mean square error of approximation value was 0.061, and comparative fit index value was 0.961. Cronbach's alpha values of the groups were found to be above 0.70. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values were above 0.5 in terms of sample size, Bartlett's tests for sphericity were significant in terms of correlations between variables, root mean square error of approximation values were below 0.08, comparative fit index and goodness of fit index values were above 0.95 in terms of model fit. If the scales have been found to be valid and reliable, it is recommended for use in Turkey.

POS0266-HPR PATIENT-PERCEIVED ASPECTS OF RA FLARE EVOLVE OVER TIME, AS REFLECTED BY THE FLARE-RA QUESTIONNAIRE: POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF TAPERA

The study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and test the psychometric properties of the Musculoskeletal Pain Intensity and Interference Questionnaire for Musicians (MPIIQM) in an Italian population of professional and amateur musicians. The translation and cultural adaptation process followed international guidelines, while the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed against the COSMIN checklist. The internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (a) coefficient. Construct validity was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal axis factoring (PAF) extraction. The sample adequacy and data suitability were assessed through the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's sphericity tests, respectively. Concurrent validity was analyzed by assessing Pearson's correlation coefficient with the Italian version of the Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ-I). Finally, the cross-cultural validity was investigated by analyzing score differences between amateur and professional musicians, and differences based on musical practice habits. The tool was administered to 311 subjects recruited from across Italy. The MPIIQM-IT was found to have high levels of internal consistency for the entire tool and each of the two subscales (Cronbach's a = 0.875, 0.877, and 0.845, respectively). The recruited sample was found to be adequate (KMO = 0.810) and the data suitable (C2 = 341.040, p < 0.001) for factor analysis, which produced 9 items contained in two main factors. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed a positive, statistically significant correlation between the MSK-HQ-I and the two subscales of the MPIIQM-IT with p < 0.01. Analysis of Student's t-test for independent samples and the ANOVA test for continuous variables showed statistically significant differences between male and female, professional and non-professional musicians, and conservatory and non-conservatory students. The MPIIQM-IT is a valid and reliable tool, useful for investigating the presence of pain and playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in both professional and non-professional musicians.

The 21st-century learning paradigm emphasises the need for students to develop thinking skills, particularly higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). In this regard, teachers play a crucial role in facilitating the application of HOTS in the classroom. Thus, this paper aims to develop a measuring instrument to assess teachers' practice of HOTS in secondary schools. The questionnaire consists of 30 items and three dimensions: facilitating HOTS, Socratic questioning, and applying the i-THINK map. Three experts validated the instrument for face and content validity. Data was collected in Terengganu from a total of 126 respondents and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The analyses included exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Bartlett's sphericity test, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy test, and Cronbach's alpha reliability test. The findings revealed a three-dimensional model with 28 items. In addition, Bartlett's sphericity tests for all dimensions were significant (P<0.05), the sampling adequacy revealed a favourable result (KMO>0.6), and the values of Cronbach's alpha exceeded the threshold value of 0.7. Overall, the results indicate that the instrument has high validity and reliability in measuring HOTS teaching practice. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of teachers' roles as facilitators, effective questioning techniques, and thinking aids in holistic teaching.

This study aimed to develop a satisfaction framework of the constitutents in selected barangays in Davao City regarding the conflict mediation performance of Lupong Tagapamayapa (LP). This quantitative, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) study identified key satisfaction factors and constructed a multidimensional framework. There were 308 respondents who answered a structured questionnaire. The analysis included the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO), Bartlett's test of sphericity, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation. The KMO value of 0.947, confirmed an adequate factor analysis sampling. The Bartlett's Test of Sphericity showed significant correlations among the items. There were six essential factors identified in the study that influence residents' satisfaction with LP’s mediation performance: (1) Professionalism and Thoroughness in the Mediation Process, (2) Ethical Conduct and Neutrality, (3) Effective Conflict Resolution and Participant-Centered Approach, (4) Cultural Competence and Adaptive Approach, (5) Strategic Thinking and Expertise in Conflict Management, and (6) Ethical Conduct and Empowerment. These factors collectively explained 50.725% of the variance. This value confirmed the substantial roles of these factors for effective effective mediation. KEYWORDS: Satisfaction, Conflict Mediation Performance, Lupong Tagapamayapa, Barangays, Exploratory Factor Analysis

The current global food challenge necessitates the need to increase agricultural production. Farmers' innovative mindset is unavoidable for successful and sustainable agriculture. Precision agriculture, through novel technology like big data, is an effective solution that can exponentially increase agricultural productivity and quality. Innovativeness among food growers is a significant determinant for adopting new technologies. For this reason, the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) technique was used in this research to construct a reliable and valid instrument that measures innovativeness. Data was collected from small-scale farmers in Terengganu, Malaysia. The questionnaire was developed on a scale of one to ten. With the help of IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0, the EFA was carried out using the principal component extraction method with Varimax Rotation. The study assessed Bartlett's Test of Sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) to determine the adequacy of the sample. Bartlett's test revealed a significant result (0.000), and the KMO value was excellent (0.726). The findings of the EFA revealed two components and eight items with Cronbach's Alpha values of more than 0.7, all of which were found to be significant. As a result, the results demonstrated the instrument's accuracy and dependability. This research contributes to developing items that assess innovativeness in the context of small farming in Malaysia.