Assessment of edible mushroom bioaccumulation via portable XRF and micro-XRF: implications for environmental impact assessment, food quality evaluation and mineral resource prospecting

Wild edible mushrooms of several species are grown in different part of Nigeria for various reasons. In this study, the proximate, antioxidant activity as well as the phytochemical screening of ten selected wild edible Nigerian mushrooms including Cantharelle cibarius, Laccaria amethysta, Clitocybe odora, Lepista nuda, Macrolepiotata procera, Lepista saeva, Lactarius deliciousus, Laccaria laccata, Pleurotus ostreatus and Hericium erinaceus were investigated. The mushrooms were harvested fresh, sun dried, pulverized and analyzed according to standard procedures. Proximate analysis showed high level of proteins (14.03 – 60.38%), crude fibre(3.94 – 20.36%), carbohydrate(4.17 -32.50%), ash (17.44 – 33.60%), fat(1.29-14.29%) and folic acids(4.75 – 5.51g/g) in all species. Mineral analysis of all species indicated the presence of potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, copper and Iron. Potassium is of the highest amount in all species of plant (1370-5710g/100g). High antioxidant activity was also observed in these mushrooms with the specie L. amethysta and L. nuda exhibiting the strongest antioxidant activity with values as high as 53.64 and 53.65nm respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of varying quantities of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins with absence of anthraquinones and steroids. These bioactive compounds together with the high antioxidant activities obtained in some species and the nutrient contents in all species may be responsible for their nutritional and therapeutic uses. These results therefore not only make these wild edible mushrooms popular to consume as good food sources but may also be valuable in drug development.

Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms

In Tanzania wild edible mushrooms collected during the rainy season have broad cultural acceptance and constitute a traditionally very important nutritious food. However, their assessment as food, which is based on their chemical analysis, has not been adequately studied and documented. The objective of the study was to determine the proximate nutritive potential of three indigenous edible wild mushrooms namely Coprinus cinereus, (Schaeff) S. Gray s.lat., Pleurotus flabellatus, (Berk and Br.) Sacc. and Volvariella volvaceae (Bull.ex.Fr) Singer, grown on composted solid sisal decortication residues. Standard procedures were used to determine the proximate chemical composition of dried samples of domesticated indigenous edible wild mushrooms. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the mineral element composition. The results were compared using an analysis of variance test. There were significant differences in the proximate nutritive values of the three edible mushrooms (p>0.05). Despite differences in the chemical composition of the three indigenous edible mushroom species, the overall nutritional potential of the three mushroom species was quite good. Furthermore, the overall results indicated that the fruit bodies of the three native mushrooms studied have nutrient qualities similar to other cultivated exotic edible mushrooms, and a higher protein content than many cereals and vegetables. The results on a dry weight basis demonstrated significant amounts of protein, vitamin C and minerals, ranging from 17-28 %, 33-55 mg/100g and 5.2-3232 mg/100g, respectively. Furthermore crude fibre ranged between 6.6-11 % and carbohydrate, at 50-62 %, both of which were found to be relatively high. All three species were low in fat content, with a range of 1 to 3.3 %, and energy value (calculated), 302-313 kcal/100g. These results indicated that the studied mushrooms have good nutritive value for human beings. The fact that the domesticated mushrooms were grown using locally adapted biotechnology increases the likelihood of their incorporation in the diet as a food item contributing protein, vitamin C and mineral nutrients. The high crude fibre and low fat content are also important from a nutritional perspective. The researchers believe that it would be appropriate to popularise the utilization of the three mushrooms as unconventional protein rich food sources to supplement the traditional cereal Tanzanian based diet, aimed at combating the problem of protein malnutrition in Tanzania in particular and in developing counties in general. Key words : Proximate composition, Wild edible mushrooms

Exploring the nutritional attributes of wild edible mushrooms can be vital in addressing global food security. However, there is a dearth of studies on wild edible mushrooms regarding their identification, nutritional status, and molecular characterization in Mizoram, North East India, an integral landscape of the Indo-Burma hotspot region. In the present study, samples of wild edible wood-growing mushrooms were collected from the Mamit and Champhai District of Mizoram. The present study investigated the identities and phylogenetic relationships of the eight fungal species using molecular approaches. The mushrooms were identified up to the species level based on fungal sequences with known identities in GenBank, viz. Auricularia delicata, Laetiporus sulphureus, Panus roseus, Lentinus squarrosulus, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Schizophyllum commune. Further, the identified mushrooms were analysed for macro and micro-nutritional values to assess their suitability for human dietary intake. Results revealed that the collected wild edible mushrooms were rich sources of protein (17.79 - 36.46 g/100 g), carbohydrates (58.14 - 33.77 g/100 g) and fibres (5.63 - 8.32 g/100 g), while the amount of fat (1.93 - 2.77 g/100 g) was low. In addition to bio-molecules, the mushroom samples contained appreciable amounts of essential minerals. Therefore, the selected mushrooms can be used as a potential foodstuff and may also be used as a supplementary protein diet to maintain human health and help achieve food security and sustainable development goals. The present results encourage bio-prospecting, and the need to explore wild edible mushrooms further, especially in the least explored global biodiversity hotspots for sustainable livelihood.

Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry may be very suitable for a fast and effective environmental assessment and source identification of trace metals in soils. In this study, topsoils (0-10 cm) at 139 sites were in situ scanned for total trace metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and arsenic concentrations by PXRF in a typical town in Yangtze Delta region of Jiangsu province, China. To validate the utility of PXRF, 53 samples were collected from the scanning sites for the determination of selected trace metals using conventional methods. Based on trace metal concentrations detected by in situ PXRF, the contamination extent and sources of trace metals were studied via geo-accumulation index, multivariate analysis and geostatistics. The trace metal concentrations determined by PXRF were similar to those obtained via conventional chemical analysis. The median concentration of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils were 10.8, 56.4, 41.5, 43.5, 33.5, and 77.7 mg kg(-1), respectively. The distribution patterns of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were mostly affected by anthropogenic sources, while As was mainly derived from lithogenic sources. Overall, PXRF has been successfully applied to contamination assessment and source identification of trace metals in soils.

BackgroundUnion Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has a rich tradition of usage of wild edible mushrooms (WEMs) for culinary and medicinal purposes. But very few studies, restricted to some regions of the Union Territory, have been conducted to enlist the WEM. District Jammu has never been explored for WEM. Moreover, the quantification of the traditional knowledge of WEM has not been carried out as yet in J&K. Therefore, the present study was conducted in the Jammu district with the aims of enlisting the WEM and its usage, finding the most used WEM, and enumerating the consensus of usage for a species and associated knowledge.MethodsA total of 192 informants between the age of 25 and 87 years were interviewed. The collected information was organized and arranged based on use reports for quantitative analysis. The cultural importance index (CI) and factor informant consensus (Fic) were calculated to estimate the cultural importance and to test homogeneity of information and knowledge sharing about WEM, respectively. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the significance of differences in the usage of WEM among different informant categories.ResultsResults of the present study show that the locals were having knowledge of fourteen fleshy fungi that are mainly utilized for culinary purposes. They also stated various medicinal values of some of these fungi. Agaricaceae and Lyophyllaceae were the most used families, and Termitomyces (5 species) was the most represented genus. Based on CI values, Termitomyces sp. (CI 0.57) was the most important and diversely used species. Termitomyces heimii, Termitomyces clypeatus, and Termitomyces striatus var. annulatus were the other culturally important and frequently consumed species by the locals. More than 78.6% of these WEM were new records as culinary and medicinal for J&K (UT). The values of factor informant consensus (Fic) varied between 0.98 (culinary) and 0.76 (skin diseases). Females, elders, and informants who have not attended schools were having significantly (P < 0.05) higher information regarding WEM.ConclusionThe inhabitants of district Jammu had good knowledge of WEM, but no documentation, lying of most of the information with elders and uneducated people, and destruction of forests and other natural habitats of WEM pose a serious threat of losing this valuable information in near future. An ardent need is to educate locals regarding regionally available WEM. Further studies are recommended for developing protocols of cultivation of these WEM so that their future availability is ascertained along with creating income resources for the local population.

To evaluate the pollution level of toxic elements in edible mushrooms from Jilin Province, China, the lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic content present in them were monitored and evaluated. A total of 610 edible mushroom samples, including fresh and dried, were collected from nine cities in the Jilin Province. The concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic ranged from 0.007 to 3.31, 0.006 to 48.52, 0.003 to 0.56, and 0.008 to 57.34mg/kg, respectively, in dried samples, and 0.007 to 0.06, 0.006 to 0.17, 0.003 to 0.06, and 0.008 to 0.12mg/kg, respectively, in fresh samples. Theconcentration of cadmium and arsenic exceeded the standard (Cd ≤ 0.2mg/kg, Cd of Lentinus edodes ≤ 0.5mg/kg, and As ≤ 0.5mg/kg) in some mushroom samples. The bioconcentration levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic depended on the edible mushroom species, environment, and the physicochemical properties of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic. The results of the single factor pollution index, a method used to calculate the level of single elements in substances, showed that all edible mushrooms were at the level of unpolluted except Tricholoma matsutake and Pleurotus eryngii. The comprehensive factor (P) for T. matsutake was 1.093. The comprehensive factor pollution index, a method used to calculate the level of combined mixture in substances, was in the unpolluted level, except for T. matsutake. The pollution index results showed that cadmium and arsenic concentrations were lightly polluting in some mushroom samples. The health risk index for arsenic was the highest. Therefore, more attention should be paid to arsenic contamination in T. matsutake and P. eryngii in the Jilin Province, China. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this paper, we evaluated the contamination levels and associated safety issues of four toxic elements, lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic, in edible mushrooms. The results showed that cadmium and arsenic concentrations were lightly polluting in some mushroom samples.

Selenium contents of Portuguese commercial and wild edible mushrooms

Five selected edible wild Australian mushrooms, Morchella elata, Suillus luteus, Pleurotus eryngii, Cyttaria gunnii, and Flammulina velutipes, were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity and mineral contents. The antioxidant capacities of the methanolic extracts of the dried caps of the mushrooms were determined using a number of different chemical reactions in evaluating multi-mechanistic antioxidant activities. These included the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and ferrous ion chelating activity. Mineral contents of the dried caps of the mushrooms were also determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The results indicated that these edible wild mushrooms have a high antioxidant capacity and all, except C. gunnii, have a high level of several essential micro-nutrients such as copper, magnesium, and zinc. It can be concluded that these edible wild mushrooms are good sources of nutritional antioxidants and a number of mineral elements.

Key taste components in two wild edible Boletus mushrooms using widely targeted metabolomics

Wild edible mushrooms are recognized as a fundamental component of forest management and rural development initiatives, offering farmers a substantial supplementary source of income. Thus, exploring the valuable wild mushrooms and modeling fungal fruiting in different forest systems in the tropics could provide additional insight into fungal responses to environmental factors and allow for better decision making related to forest management in the face of climate change. In many parts of the world, edible wild mushrooms are considered economically valuable non-timber forest products (NTFPs). In Ethiopia, forest management policies based on NTFPs are needed to make better use of these resources. A thorough assessment of wild mushroom as NTFPs that occur in Ethiopian forests and their uses is key to understanding what actions are needed to manage forests at the local level. We aimed (1) to record the fresh weight of edible wild mushrooms produced in natural and plantation forests in Ethiopia and (2) to develop models to predict sporocarp production in these two forest systems. We established 63 sample plots of 100 m2. All mature and young edible wild mushrooms were harvested weekly during the main rainy season to quantify their abundance and fresh weight. Composite soil samples collected from each plot and climate data recorded for each study area were used to develop models. In total, 64 edible fungal species were collected. The average annual total fresh weight production in plantations (2097.57 kg ha–1) was significantly greater than that produced in natural forests (731.18 kg ha–1). Six alternative models were fitted, and three yield categories were also defined as possible responses. Latitude, soil organic matter and minimum daily temperature were identified as relevant explanatory factors. Our yield classification models were fitted to predict the annual yields of edible fungi based on climate, soil and area-specific information in Ethiopia. The developed models should serve as a basis for further studies in Ethiopian forests to optimize forest management based on NTFPs, specifically edible wild mushrooms.

Objective To determine the activity concentration of radionuclides for 137Cs and 40K in edible wild mushrooms,and to evaluate the extent of radioactive contamination and ingestion doses to adults from consumption of these wild mushrooms.Methods A total of 33 samples for 18 edible wild mushroom species were collected from natural forest Mangshi,Yunnan province.The activity concentrations of 137Cs and 40K were analyzed by using high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometry.Results Except.for one sample that was below the MDA,137Cs artificial radionuclides were detected in other 32 samples,with activity concentration of 137Cs in the range of 0.45-339.58 Bq/kg (dry weight) and an average of 25.47 Bq/kg (dry weight).In regards to 40K in edible mushrooms,all species presented the activity concentrations for this radionuclide and the levels varied from 453.4 to 1 882.6 Bq/kg (dry weight),with an average of 815.1 Bq/kg (dry weight).After species of mushroom with only one sample were eliminated,there was significant difference for 137Cs(F =21.13,P ＜ 0.05) among 6 species of mushroom named Gomphus floccosus (Schw.) Sing.,Boletus edulis bull,Boletus edulis bull,Tylopllus bolloul (Peck) Sing.,Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.and Boletus brunneissimus W.F.Chin,but without significant difference for 40K.Conclusions These 6 different mushroom species have different capacity to retain radionuclides of 137Cs in soil.These wild mushrooms,such as Gomphus floccosus (Schw.) Sing.and Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.have large affinity ability for radionuclides137Cs.The effective dose to adults attributable to consuming these kinds of mushrooms is small and below the level that could cause harm. Key words: Wild mushroom; 137Cs; 40K; Gamma spectrometry

This study addresses issues regarding chemical and bioactive properties of nine wild edible mushrooms from native Nothofagus forest from Patagonia, Argentina. Macronutrients, sugars, fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties were determined. Protein was found in high levels and varied between 3.35 g/100 g dw in Cyttaria hariotii and 22.29 g/100 g dw in Lepista nuda. All of them presented mannitol and trehalose as main sugars. Mannitol was significantly higher in Ramaria patagonica, although absent in Fistulina endoxantha, whereas trehalose predominated in Aleurodiscus vitellinus, Hydropus dusenii, Cortinarius magellanicus, C. hariotii, Grifola gargal and L. nuda, ranging from 1.15 to 10.26 g/100 g dw; it was absent in R. patagonica. The major fatty acid found was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. All species presented oxalic and fumaric acids, while some also had malic, quinic and citric acids. Tocopherols composition was variable. Cortinarius magellanicus presented significantly higher contents of both α-tocopherol and β-tocopherol. R. patagonica presented the best results in all the antioxidant activity assays (EC50 values ≤ 1 mg/mL) and the highest content of phenolic compounds presenting gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and cinnamic acids. This study constitutes the first report on chemical composition and nutritional value of most of these edible mushroom species. Furthermore, it provides important information necessary to characterize and define the use of these species as gastronomic delicacies, functional foods and sources of bioactive compounds.

The wonderful world of fungi has always fascinated the human race, by their appearances and characteristic nature. The word mushroom is used for fungi and moulds in French. Since ancient times, mushrooms have been regarded as a special kind of nutritious food. They are diverse in both their growing habitats as well as their medicinal and physiological benefits. Mushroom foraging has been practiced by humans for the same reason. The forest provides large and diverse options to the villagers in the form of varieties of wild edible and non-edible mushrooms. Wild edible mushrooms are very important in the food security of tribal groups throughout Jharkhand. The aim of this study is to produce a prior mushroom checklist based on the collection and document the edible and non-edible mushrooms from Jharkhand state which are collected during the rainy season by tribals for their livelihood.

Edible wild mushrooms (EWM) are food sources which have high nutritional value. Although they are not the main choice of daily foods in Indonesia, various local communities and mushroom foragers have been consuming EWM for decades, yet without proper documentation. This study aimed to preserve the knowledge of EWM consumption to increase the popularity and public awareness of EWM as alternative food in Indonesia. Data was collected via a structural survey to 50 mushroom hobbyists with range of 18-50 years old and representing several ethnic groups in Indonesia: Javanese, Malay, Sundanese, Banten, and Bugis. Most of the respondents have consumed EWM for more than 5 years, with a frequency of consuming more than once per month, and the knowledge of foraging was obtained from their families. The edible mushrooms were collected mostly after every January and usually consumed by themselves. The location for mushroom seeking and species of EWM mostly were the forests around residence area and Termitomyces spp. (local names: ‘jamur barat’, ‘jamur bulan’, ‘jamur rayap’, ‘jamur trucuk’, ‘jamur sempagi’, respectively). The taste of mushroom was the main reason for forage activity among the hobbyists. They generally consumed all parts of basidiomata and preferred the soft texture of fruiting body. The soup dish was the most preferred by foragers, in contrast to fried cooking type. Most of them distinguish EWM from poisonous mushrooms by observing certain structures basidiomata, however, cases of wild mushroom poisoning have occurred among foragers with low occurrence of frequency. Keywords: Indonesia; edible wild mushrooms; characteristics; mushroom foragers