Assessing the role of psychology, cognitive attribute and opportunity in determining retirement planning behaviour

Informed retirement planning impacts the wellbeing of individuals and broader society. However, the current related literature contains a limited understanding of the challenges faced by Chinese university faculty members concerning retirement planning. This study developed a model that combines social cognitive theory (SCT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate the effect of attitude toward retirement planning, social group support, perceived financial knowledge, and future time perspective on retirement planning intention, as well as the mediating influence of retirement planning intention. Data collection was conducted from 514 faculty members of public universities in China through an online questionnaire survey. The findings indicated that perceived financial knowledge demonstrated the strongest positive influence on retirement planning intention, followed by future time perspective and social group support, with retirement planning intention as a mediator. This research offers implications for policymakers, retirement benefits consultants, and financial institution practitioners. It suggests that implementing financial education workshops and personalized planning services could promote retirement planning behavior.

PurposeThe study investigated the relationship between future time perspective and financial well-being among Chinese working millennials and its serial mediators, such as financial goal clarity, subjective financial knowledge and responsible financial behaviour, to foster consumer resilience in the financial realm.Design/methodology/approachA total of 526 Chinese working millennials (Mage = 31.78) participated in the online survey in response to questions on demographic characteristics and items to measure the variables adopted in the research model. Covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) and AMOS version 27 were used to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe results revealed a positive correlation between future time perspective and financial well-being. Moreover, the results showed that financial goal clarity, subjective financial knowledge and responsible financial behaviour serially mediated the correlation between future time perspective and financial well-being.Practical implicationsThe findings provide implications for companies and policymakers to refine their intervention programmes to boost young millennials' future time perspectives in reinforcing their financial knowledge and financial goal clarity which in turn fosters their responsible financial behaviour in contributing to financial well-being in boosting their overall consumer resilience. Future studies should deepen the way in which the studied factors are leveraged as a tool to improve individuals' resilience in the economic realm.Originality/valueThe findings of this study shed light on the underlying mechanisms that drive and promote the financial well-being of Chinese working millennials.

Future time perspective (FTP) is defined as “perceptions of the future as being limited or open-ended” (Lang and Carstensen, 2002; p. 125). The construct figures prominently in both workplace and retirement domains, but the age-predictions are competing: Workplace research predicts decreasing FTP age-change, in contrast, retirement scholars predict increasing FTP age-change. For the first time, these competing predictions are pitted in an experimental manipulation of subjective life expectancy (SLE). A sample of N = 207 older adults (age 45–60) working full-time (>30-h/week) were randomly assigned to SLE questions framed as either ‘Live-to’ or ‘Die-by’ to evaluate competing predictions for FTP. Results indicate general support for decreasing age-change in FTP, indicated by independent-sample t-tests showing lower FTP in the ‘Die-by’ framing condition. Further general-linear model analyses were conducted to test for interaction effects of retirement planning with experimental framings on FTP and intended retirement; While retirement planning buffered FTP’s decrease, simple-effects also revealed that retirement planning increased intentions for sooner retirement, but lack of planning increased intentions for later retirement. Discussion centers on practical implications of our findings and consequences validity evidence in future empirical research of FTP in both workplace and retirement domains.

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate how factors such as attitude toward retirement, financial risk tolerance, financial self-efficacy, future time perspective, and social group support influence individuals’ retirement planning. Furthermore, the study examines the mediating role of retirement goal clarity in linking these psychological factors to retirement planning behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employed a descriptive and causal research design to investigate the psychological determinants of retirement planning behavior. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 426 salaried professionals working in the service sector of the Kathmandu Valley. A purposive sampling method was adopted to ensure the selection of respondents relevant to the study objectives. Findings – The results reveal that psychological determinants—including attitude toward retirement, financial risk tolerance, financial self-efficacy, future time perspective, and social group support—have significant impacts on retirement planning behavior. Notably, retirement goal clarity was found to play a mediating role, strengthening the relationships between these psychological factors and individuals’ retirement planning actions. Conclusion – This paper underscores the critical influence of psychological factors on retirement planning behavior among salaried professionals. The findings highlight not only the direct effects of these determinants but also the central role of retirement goal clarity in shaping effective retirement preparation. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of how individuals in developing economies approach retirement planning and offer valuable directions for improving financial preparedness. Implication – The results provide actionable insights for financial advisors, policymakers, and educators. By integrating psychological considerations into workplace training and financial education programs, stakeholders can design tailored interventions that promote retirement goal clarity and enhance financial preparedness. Such initiatives are especially crucial in developing economies, where structured support for retirement planning is often limited. Originality/value – This paper offers a novel contribution by examining the financial planning behavior of salaried professionals within the context of a developing economy—an area often underexplored in the literature. The study presents a comprehensive framework for enhancing retirement planning through targeted educational and policy interventions.

The high value of e-commerce business transactions which reached more than forty four billion US Dollars caused e-commerce companies to compete fiercely. Shopee is an example of a company that has successfully taken advantage of e-commerce business opportunities in Indonesia. Shopee as e-commerce with the most visitors currently has to face competition in its business scope. One way to face competition is to pay attention to the quality of its services (e-servqual). The purpose of this study is to analyze the indicators that have the most influence on the electronic service quality variable in maintaining affective, conative, and action e-customer loyalty on e-commerce users . Shopee in East Java by making modeling using Structural Equation Modeling . The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling, which was selected by Shopee users in various cities in East Java. The number of samples that are taken as much as 393 respondents. The attributes of the quality of electronic services in this study include efficiency, fulfillment, privacy, responsiveness, compensation and contact. From the results of the research, it is found that the indicators that give the greatest contribution to the diversity of the quality of electronic services are privacy , responsiveness , and contact . In addition, the relationship between e-servqual variables with affective, conative, and action customer loyalty , among others: e-servqual has a significant direct relationship and has a positive effect on affective E-loyalty, e-servqual has a significant direct and indirect relationship and has a positive effect on conative e-loyalty, e-servqual has a significant direct and indirect relationship and has a positive effect on action e-loyalty, affective e-loyalty has a significant direct and positive effect on conative e-loyalty, and affective e-loyalty has a significant direct relationship and has a positive effect on action e-loyalty.

The ability to foresee, anticipate, and plan for future desired outcomes is crucial for well-being, motivation, and behavior. However, theories in organizational psychology do not incorporate time-related constructs such as Future Time Perspective (FTP), and research on FTP remains disjointed and scattered, with different domains focusing on different aspects of the construct, using different measures, and assessing different antecedents and consequences. In this review and meta-analysis, we aim to clarify the FTP construct, advance its theoretical development, and demonstrate its importance by (a) integrating theory and empirical findings across different domains of research to identify major outcomes and antecedents of FTP, and (b) empirically examining whether and how these variables are moderated by FTP measures and dimensions. Results of a meta-analysis of k = 212 studies reveal significant relationships between FTP and major classes of consequences (i.e., those related to achievement, well-being, health behavior, risk behavior, and retirement planning), and between antecedents and FTP, as well as moderating effects of different FTP measures and dimensions. Highlighting the importance of FTP for organizational psychology theories, our findings demonstrate that FTP predicts these outcomes over and above the big five personality traits and mediates the associations between these personality traits and outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record

This study seeks to investigate the impact of two variables, namely financial knowledge and the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), on the behavior of teenagers in Jakarta as consumers. Financial knowledge and FOMO are considered as exogenous variables, while consumer behavior is treated as the endogenous variable. A total of 160 samples were utilized for this research, employing purposive sampling as the data collection technique. The analysis method employed was the Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The data analysis for the outer model involved validity and reliability testing, while for the inner model, various techniques such as the coefficient of determination (R-Squares), multicollinearity test, and hypothesis testing were utilized. The findings indicate a significant positive impact of both financial knowledge and FOMO on consumer behavior. Additionally, it was observed that financial knowledge has a notable positive effect on the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO).

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Financial Attitude (X1), Financial Knowledge (X2), on Financial Management Behavior (Y) with Self-Control as an Intervening Variable (Z) with the object of research being Management Students of Batch 1 of Royal University. The population in this study was 67 respondents, then a saturated sampling technique was used so that the sample took all the population into a sample of 67 respondents. Data analysis used the Structural Equation Modeling – Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method through SmartPLS 4 software. The test results showed that Financial Attitude had a positive and significant effect on Financial Management Behavior, Financial Attitude had a positive and significant effect on Self-Control, Financial Knowledge had a positive and significant effect on Financial Management Behavior, Financial Knowledge had a positive and significant effect on Self-Control, Financial Attitude had a positive and significant effect on financial management behavior through self-control, and Financial Knowledge had a positive and significant effect on financial management behavior through self-control.

Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)In view of its essential role in knowledge creation, multivariate data analysis prevails in the social sciences literature. The field of tourism is not an exception, specifically in the widely adoption of structural equation modeling (SEM), a multivariate technique, by tourism researchers over the past decade. While there are two major types of SEM including covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) and variance-based SEM (PLS-SEM), the former dominated previous tourism research. However, increasing use of PLS-SEM in tourism research has been witnessed in recent years. This upward trend is likely to persist in the near future given the growing popularity of PLS-SEM in other social sciences domains like marketing, strategic management, and management information system, as specified in the preface of the book. Indeed, PLS-SEM, in relative to CB- SEM, provides more flexibility in handling of data. For instance, PLS-SEM is well-suited for accommodating small sample sizes and complex model, fortesting a model containing both formative and reflective constructs, and for handling single-item measures. To this end, the timely introduction of the book A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) helps tourism researchers stand at the front edge of the SEM technique and make effective use of the PLS-SEM in data analysis. Additionally, the book illustrates the application of PLS-SEM with a free downloadable software namely SmartPLS which is essential to extend the application of PLS-SEM in tourism research.Authored by Hair, Hult, Ringo, and Sarstedt, the book consists of eight chapters. To equip the readers with the basic knowledge of PLS- SEM, Chapter 1 delineates the meaning of SEM and its relationship with multivariate data analysis, followed by a description of the major elements in multivariate data analysis. Then the basic elements of PLS-SEM are explained. Finally, PLS-SEM is distinguished from its counterpart namely CB-SEM while the major characteristics of PLS-SEM and the conditions where the PLS-SEM are more adequate than CB-SEM and vice versa are discussed. To step in the application of PLS- SEM, Chapter 2 firstly explicates the concepts in structural model specification including mediation, moderation, and higher-order models. Then specification of measurement model is explained with a special focus on the differences between reflective and formative measures. After that, the issues that need to be addressed after data collection are discussed. The chapter ends by creating the model in the SmartPLS is illustrated. With an established model, Chapter 3 focuses on model estimation. The chapter explains the algorithm underpinning the estimation and the statistical properties of the PLS-SEM method, as well as the options and parameter settings for running the algorithm. Following that, the issues about interpretation of results are explained. The final section illustrates the execution of model estimation in the SmartPLS.Based on the model estimation, empirical measures of the measurement and structural models are derived, where evaluation of the models takes place. Chapter 4 exhibits the major steps in model evaluation in the beginning. Thereafter, the chapter explains the evaluation of reflective measurement models according to three major criteria including internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity, followed by an illustration with the SmartPLS. Chapter 5 explains the assessment of formative measurement models with respect to the criteria of convergent validity, collinearity, and significance and relevance of the formative indicators. The chapter also elucidates the basic concepts of bootstrapping which is used to examine the statistical significance of estimates in PLS- SEM. An illustration of the assessment of formative measurement model in the SmartPLS follows. Chapter 6 continues the topic on model evaluation by focusing on the assessment of structural model. …

Purpose Little is known about the retirement planning behaviors of dental hygienists. The purpose of this study was to explore the psychological antecedents and other factors related to preretirement planning behaviors of dental hygienists.Methods An online, cross-sectional survey research study was conducted with a convenience sample of practicing dental hygienists (n=253) recruited via social media and professional networks. Data collection included work characteristics, retirement planning activities, and the validated Future Time Perspective (FTP), and Retirement Planning Goals Clarity (RPGC) instruments, along with two open-ended questions. Data analysis included descriptive measures, correlations, and regression modeling.Results The completion rate for the survey was 78.7% (n=199). The average anticipated age at retirement was 63.7 years old (SD=5.56). In the sample, fewer than half (45%) reported having an employer-sponsored benefit plan, 34% had a defined employee contribution plan, and 75% had contributed to retirement investments/savings in the past year. On a scale of 1-7, the mean FTP was 5.12 (SD 1.16) and mean RPGC was 5.01 (SD 1.51). In regression models, FTP (β=.54, p<.001) was a predictor of RPGC, however there were no other significant variables. The model was significant (F (6, 134)=12.9, p<.001) and explained 33.4% of the variance in retirement planning.Conclusion Higher FTP scores were positively associated with higher RPGC scores, however there were no other significant variables associated with preretirement planning. Addressing barriers to retirement planning while developing clear goals for financial stability is critical, particularly as the dental hygiene workforce ages.

For senior high school students and undergraduate students, financial literacy becomes increasingly important because it helps them understand about savings, investment, and debt. According to the 2024 Financial Services Authority Survey, the level of financial literacy among this group is lower than the national average and ranks second lowest, behind the group of unemployed individuals, who are the lowest. This research aims to examine and analyze the influence of age, gender, education, and income on future time perspective and financial literacy, as well as to influence future time perspective on financial literacy. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed via Google Form. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling technique with the criteria being Indonesian citizens who work as senior high school students and undergraduate students from various locations. The total number of respondents collected was 325 respondents. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques with AMOS software. The research results indicate that age and gender do not influence the future time perspective and financial literacy. In contrast, education and income have a positive effect on the future time perspective and financial literacy. The future time perspective was found to have a mediating effect on the influence of education and income on financial literacy. As a theoretical contribution, this research successfully found the influence of education on future time perspective. Furthermore, this study found that future time perspective partially mediate the influence of education and income on financial literacy. Practically, the researchers recommend that senior high school and undergraduated students can improve their financial literacy by focusing on the opportunities available in the future, supported by education and income. In short, students can gradually improve their financial literacy by integrating knowledge, skill, practical experience with money, and financial goals.

At present, college students mental health issues have caught the social attention. A large number of studies found that mental health issues among college students are related to academic pressure. Thus, this study aims to understand how uncertainty of tolerance and future time perspective affect academic pressure..This study has 309 participants from China. They need to fill in four questionnaires, including the future time perspective questionnaire, academic stress questionnaire, uncertainty of tolerance questionnaire, and mental health questionnaire. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), the result showed that the association between academic stress and mental health was mediated by uncertainty of tolerance and future time perspective separately. The relationship between academic stress and mental health may then be impacted by uncertainty of tolerance, which could as chain mediation to forecast future time perspectives. This study focuses on the effects of uncertainty tolerance and future time perspective between college students academic stress and mental health. Mental health is directly affected by academic stress, but uncertainty of tolerance and future time perspective play a mediating role, predisposing to anxiety to some extent.

This study investigates the factors influencing academic achievement among students enrolled in English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) programs in Chinese universities, highlighting how motivational orientations, time perspectives, and control beliefs shape learning outcomes. Grounded in Achievement Goal Theory, Future Time Perspective (FTP), and Locus of Control (LOC), the study collected survey data from 480 undergraduate students in accounting and tourism majors. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the measurement and structural models. Results indicate that mastery-approach goals, performance-approach goals, and future time perspective significantly predict academic achievement. Moreover, internal locus of control moderates the relationship between motivational constructs and performance, underscoring its importance in the EMI context. By integrating motivation, time perspective, and control belief theories, this study provides a comprehensive framework to explain academic outcomes in EMI higher education. The findings offer actionable insights for designing instructional strategies and support systems that enhance EMI students’ motivation, self-regulation, and achievement.

BackgroundThe burgeoning field of health tourism has garnered significant attention due to its integration of health and leisure, reflecting a growing consumer demand for wellness-oriented travel experiences. Based on the socioemotional selectivity theory, this study examines the relationship between future time perspective, health awareness, involvement, and health tourism intention. It aims to understand how different dimensions of future time perspective influence the intention to engage in health tourism, beyond the traditional chronological age.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals aged 16 years and above with normal cognitive function. Data was collected through online questionnaires distributed on popular Chinese social media platforms, WeChat and QQ. A total of 536 valid questionnaires were returned, with a validity rate of 91.47%. The study employed the structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses.ResultsThe effect of different dimensions of future time perspective on health tourism intention differed. Limited future time perspective (LFTP) positively influenced health tourism intention, while open-ended future time perspective (OFTP) did not have a significant effect on health tourism intention. Involvement and health awareness not only directly influence health tourism intention, but also mediate the relationship between future time perspective (OFTP and LFTP) and health tourism intention respectively. Moreover, there is a significant difference in the effect of LFTP on healthy tourism intention between different age groups.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of considering subjective time perspectives in understanding health tourism intention. Health tourism companies should focus on strategies that enhance health awareness and consumer involvement to capitalize on the positive effects of health tourism intention. Additionally, the study suggests that marketing efforts should be tailored to address the specific needs and goals of individuals with different future time perspectives, thereby optimizing the appeal of health tourism products. Future research should explore these relationships across diverse populations and contexts to further refine the understanding of health tourism decision-making.

Self-control mediates the relationship between time perspective and BMI