Assessing the Effects of China's Rice Technology Transfer to Africa: Economic and Environmental Impacts on Rice Production

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to cluster and analyse the level of agricultural science and technology in China’s provinces by using grey clustering model, to have an overall understanding of the current situation of agricultural science and technology development in these provinces, and to offer a reference for decision-making departments to draw up agricultural science and technology development plans.Design/methodology/approachFirst of all, the grey clustering assessment is used to evaluate the clustering of agricultural science and technology level in China’s provinces in 2011, 2013 and 2015. Also a comparative static analysis is made. Then, based on the prediction data of GM (1,1) model, the provincial agricultural science and technology levels in 2017 and 2019 are analysed by grey clustering. Finally, some suggestions are put forward, such as adjusting the allocation of agricultural science and technology resources and providing policy preferences to backward areas, so as to promote the coordinated development of agricultural science and technology in China.FindingsThe development of agricultural science and technology in various provinces and regions of the authors’ country is unbalanced, with a big gap of agricultural and technology level between different provinces. What’s more, the level of agricultural science and technology in remote areas has been developing slowly, but it has been lagging behind. Through the grey clustering analysis of the provincial agricultural science and technology level in 2017 and 2019, it is concluded that the level of agricultural science and technology will be promoted as a whole, but the gap of agricultural science and technology level between different provinces and cities will be enlarged.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper comprehensively studies the current situation and future development trends of agricultural science and technology in China’s provinces in recent years, and preliminarily analyses the reasons for the transformation of agricultural science and technology level, however, with no further inspection. Related research should be made for further study.Practical implicationsThis paper will provide overall understanding of the current situation of agricultural science and technology development in China’s provinces and cities, and put forward relevant suggestions for the future development of agricultural science and technology in China’s provinces and cities, and provide references for decision-making departments to draw up agricultural science and technology development plans.Originality/valueFor the first time, the grey clustering method is used to the research of agricultural science and technology level in the province. It analyses and evaluates the past and present situation and predicts the future development trend of provincial agricultural science and technology level by the grey clustering analysis method, which is a complete research.

W9 LIPID GOAL ATTAINMENT IN EUROPEAN ADULTS WITH DYSLIPIDAEMIA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LIPID TREATMENT ASSESSMENT PROJECT (L-TAP) 2

Rice supply flows and their determinants in China

Optimizing agricultural energy usage to maximize output with little impact on the environment is a pressing global concern. Energy efficiency (EE), total factor energy productivity (TFEP), and the narrowing of regional inequalities in agriculture technology are all goals of several initiatives put forward by the Chinese government. Energy efficiency, total factor energy productivity fluctuations, and the regional technology gap ratio (TGR) were assessed in this study, which examined 30 provinces in mainland China and three distinct regions from 2000 to 2020 using DEA Super-SBM, Meta Frontier Analysis, and the Malmquist-Luenberger index. With an average EE of 0.8492, the data show that China's agricultural industry has space for a 15.08% improvement in EE development. Among the provinces in China, Qinghai has the highest energy efficiency rate at 1.5828, followed by Shanghai at 1.3716 and Hainan at 1.358. The Eastern area has an outstanding EE rating of 1.0532. The TGR grade in Zhejiang is an example of a modern method of agricultural production that efficiently utilizes energy resources. Total Grain Ratio (TGR) values over 0.96 and close to 1 in all provinces except Zhejiang indicate that China's agricultural production technology is advanced. These states include Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong, Ningxia, and Hainan. As time goes on, the eastern part of China's technology gap ratio (TGR) becomes closer to 1 than the central and western areas. This demonstrates that the provinces in the east are using modern agricultural practices, which increase productivity by making greater use of the resources at their disposal. An MLI score of 1.103 indicates a 10.3% improvement in energy productivity throughout China's agricultural sector. Subsequent studies showed that technological change (TC) was primarily responsible for the enhancement, with a TC value of 1.080, which was more than the EC value of 1.028. When comparing the three agricultural zones, the eastern zone produces more energy overall. In terms of total factor energy productivity, the four leading areas in China's agricultural sector are Zhejiang (1.23), Shanghai (1.197), Liaoning (1.184), and Hebei (1.147). There were statistically significant differences in TGR and EE between the three sites, according to the Kruskal-Wallis test.

Impacts of climate change on self-sufficiency of rice in China: A CGE-model-based evidence with alternative regional feedback mechanisms

This paper is the continuation of the paper published by the authors Arun Balaji and Baskaran [2

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to delineate the evolution of agricultural science and technology (S&T) in China in the last three decades as it has been one of the major factors, besides others, in ensuring comfortable levels of global food security. In doing so, it focuses on policy and progress, which have provided the right ambience for Chinese agricultural science and technology to evolve into an effective instrument of development.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs institutional approach to government, scientists and farmers, who have been contributing to the growth of Chinese agricultural technology in two distinct ways. While the government has been playing a critical role in evolving a comprehensive agricultural S&T policy, scientists and farmers have been contributing to the progress of agricultural growth through research and application of various agricultural technologies.FindingsAgricultural S&T in China has increasingly been growing into a potent force in facilitating comfortable levels of food security but with serious implications on the environment. Of the three players who have been instrumental in this process, the Chinese Government and the scientists are well prepared for WTO and globalization vis‐à‐vis agricultural technology, but the farmers are not well positioned.Originality/valueAgricultural S&T development in China is critically important not only for Chinese food security but also for the larger global food and human security, as the two are inextricably connected. While most studies focus on various dimensions of agricultural technology, this study focuses on government, scientists and involved farmers, whose role is central to this process, and who are forced to rethink and reposition themselves in the development and use of agricultural S&T in China.

Based on the perspective of the value chain of agricultural science and technology innovation, in this paper, we divided the process of agricultural science and technology innovation into two stages: the Research and Development (R&D) of agricultural technology and the application of agricultural technology. We took the efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation of the two stages as a comprehensive index measure for the development of agricultural science and technology innovation in China. On this basis, we used social network analysis to establish a two-stage spatial correlation network for the innovation development of agricultural science and technology in China. The spatial-temporal evolution trends, structural characteristics, and influencing factors of the network were analyzed from the three aspects of the overall, local, and individual network structure. The results show that: a. The development of agricultural science and technology innovation in China demonstrated a clear spatial correlation and spillover effect, and the spatial correlation network was in a connected state. b. The network had the distribution characteristics of ‘core-edge’ and strong stability, and the hierarchical structure of the members of each province in the network was gradually broken. c. The differences at the market level in agricultural science and technology, the differences in government support for agriculture, the geographically adjacent relationships, and the level of agricultural economic development were important factors affecting the spatial correlation of agricultural science and technology innovation. This study provides a policy reference to use a cross-regional coordinated development mechanism to solve the uneven and asymmetry problem of the distribution of elements in various regions in China.

The innovation of Agricultural Science and Technology is the key factor in agricultural development, and agricultural technological innovation needs financial support. The current reality difficulties of lacking funds in agricultural technology transformation in China, urgently need to establish a suitable agricultural technology innovation fund, which perfect fit with the reality. This paper compared the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Agency and relevant national Fund and other development trends from the international perspective, and put forward evolutionary path of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund (ASTIF) in China. We think they must deepen three paths for Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund in raising, supporting and regulation aspect in China.

Global warming and shifts in cropping systems together reduce China's rice production

Global warming, energy consumption (EC), and food safety have caused an increase of focus regarding agricultural crop productivity with a principal focus on CEs from crop farming. This study analyzes Pakistan, India, and China's rice and wheat production rating through the CCR and SBM DEA framework. The recorded rice (0.60) and wheat (1.00) production, through the CCR approach, can be considered the highest productivity. The rating productivity of the parallel DMUs for the CCR (or BCC) framework average degree of technical productivity of SBM model of wheat and rice production, which does not adhere to the degree of 100% amongst all countries. Keeping the area's efficiency in mind, the average technical productivity rating recorded through CCR is 0.87, and SBM is 0.86 and is significantly lower than the ideal rating in the original DEA. By decreasing tomato output through farmers' productive operations, energy can be conserved by 21.4% compared to its current level by enhancing the utilization of essential resources, chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure, and water bear comparatively greater trading weights. It is eminent to decrease energy usage and carbon discharge in rice production. Similarly, the high yield and adequate rice plantation methods should be encouraged in the given region.

Technological advancements have long played crucial roles in rice productivity and food security in Bangladesh. Seasonal variation over time and regional differences in rice production, however, pose a threat to agricultural sustainability but remain unexplored. We performed a spatial-temporal mapping of rice cultivation area, production, and yield from 2006-2007 to 2019-2020 using secondary data for disaggregating 64 districts in Bangladesh. Growth and multivariate approaches were employed to analyze time-series data. Results showed that Mymensingh had the highest rice cultivated area and production, while Bandarban had the lowest. The 14 years highest average rice yield was found in Gopalganj and Dhaka (3.63 tons/ha), while Patuakhali (1.73 tons/ha) had the lowest. For the Aus, Aman, and Boro, the rice cultivation area in 19 districts, 11 districts, and 13 districts declined significantly. The overall rice production increased significantly in most districts. For the Aus, Aman, and Boro seasons, the rice yield in 54, 50, and 37 districts demonstrated a significant upward trend, respectively. The adoption rate of modern varieties has risen dramatically. However, there are notable variances between regions and seasons. A significant increasing trend in Aus (0.007% to 0.521%), Aman (0.004% to 0.039%), and Boro (0.013% to 0.584%) were observed in 28, 34, and 36 districts, respectively, with an increase of 1% adaptation of HYV. Predictions revealed that rice cultivation area and production of Aus, Aman, and Boro seasons will be increased in most of the regions of Bangladesh by 2030. Based on spatiotemporal cluster analysis, the five identified cluster groupings illustrated that clusters lack spatial cohesion and vary greatly seasonally. This suggests increasing rice production by expanding cultivable land, adopting high-yielding varieties, and integrating faster technological advancement in research and extension. The findings will assist scientists in developing region-specific production technologies and policymakers in designing decentral region-specific policies to ensure the future sustainability of rice production.

<p>Climate change has the potential to affect Chinese rice production; however, the rice crop could become more suitable to new climatic conditions because of benefits derived from new agricultural technologies. In this paper, a county-level dataset and crop model were used to analyze actual rice yield suitability by measuring the yield gap and yield stability from 1980 to 2011 in 1561 counties of China. The results showed that the national yield gap between the actual and potential yields was approximately 23.0%, which is close to the threshold for profitable planting. However, a number of counties in the northeastern and southwestern regions showed a 30 to 50% yield gap, which indicates a relatively lower suitability of the rice. The rice yield stability results indicated that the actual stability has exceeded the potential stability in most of the counties of China, thus indicating a high level of suitability. Temporally, a decreasing trend was observed for both the yield gap and stability, suggesting that the suitability of rice in China has improved, which might be associated with the development of agricultural technology. The only noteworthy locations presenting a high yield gap and yield instability were several counties in the northeastern region. Since the northeastern region accounts for a significant proportion of China's rice production, further investigations should be conducted to identify the underlying causes of the yield gaps and determine methods of increasing the yield stability. The implementation of more suitable agricultural technology in the area is also suggested to improve the rice suitability in the region.</p>

The emergence and eventual prevalence of the household responsibility system, which replaces the production team system as the unit of production and income distribution, has brought about dramatic changes in China's rural areas since 1979. This institutional change has resulted in remarkable growth in agricultural productivity.' However, in the literature on collective farms, a theory that is capable of explaining the causes and effects of this change is yet to be developed. The formal theory about collective economies developed so far by Ward, Domar, Sen, Oi and Clayton, Bradley, Maurice and Ferguson, Cameron, Bonin, Chinn, Israelsen, Putterman, and others suggests that the allocation of resources in a collective farm is efficient at least in

China and Israel are highly complementary in the field of agriculture. China has a large population engaged in agriculture while Israel has advanced agricultural technology which meets the needs of China’s agricultural development. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations thirty years ago, agricultural cooperation between the two countries has gradually expanded and now focuses on technological innovation. The Sino-Israel agricultural cooperation project in Shandong reflects the main characteristics of the cooperation– agricultural science and technology, with multi-level participants. Agricultural cooperation is mutually beneficial and a win-win situation for both countries. With intensified competition between major powers in science and technology, however, China and Israel need to pay closer attention to the influence of third party countries in their agricultural technology cooperation. In addition, the protection of intellectual property rights, and the adaptability of imported technologies by China are issues that China and Israel need to address in their future agricultural cooperation.