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Abstract
This work provides a systematic comparison of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), spatial resolution, acquisition time and metabolite limits-of-detection for magnetic resonance microscopy and spectroscopy at three different magnetic field strengths of 14.1 T, 17.6 T and 22.3 T (the highest currently available for imaging), utilizing commercially available hardware. We find an SNR increase of a factor 5.9 going from 14.1 T to 22.3 T using 5 mm radiofrequency (saddle and birdcage) coils, which results in a 24-fold acceleration in acquisition time and deviates from the theoretically expected increase of factor 2.2 due to differences in hardware. This underlines the importance of not only the magnetic field strengths but also hardware optimization. In addition, using a home-built 1.5 mm solenoid coil, we can achieve an isotropic resolution of (5.5 µm)3 over a field-of-view of 1.58 mm × 1.05 mm × 1.05 mm with an SNR of 12:1 using 44 signal averages in 58 h 34 min acquisition time at 22.3 T. In light of these results, we discuss future perspectives for ultra-high field Magnetic Resonance Microscopy and Spectroscopy.
Highlights
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (MRM) is typically defined as acquiring images with at least one of the dimensions with sub100 mm spatial resolution [1,2,3]
Due to the inherently low spin polarization, MRM and very high resolution Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to other techniques [4] such as microCT [5], fluorescence microscopy and polarized light microscopy [6]
In this research (Section 3.4), we have demonstrated that a 3D-scan at high resolutions is possible when using a 1.5 mm solenoid coil in combination with a high field strength and standard gradient set of 3 T/m
Summary
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (MRM) is typically defined as acquiring images with at least one of the dimensions with sub100 mm spatial resolution [1,2,3]. In addition to providing highly resolved structural information based on the water signal in biological specimens, the spatial distribution of chemical compounds can be obtained using spatially resolved Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Due to the inherently low spin polarization, MRM and very high resolution MRS suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to other techniques [4] such as microCT [5], fluorescence microscopy and polarized light microscopy [6],. ⇑ Corresponding authors at: Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology and Laboratory of Biophysics, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.R. Krug). Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, the Netherlands (A.H. Velders)
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