Assessing Risks of Electric Vehicles in Underground Parking Facilities: Strategies for Enhancing Urban Sustainability

The potential environmental impacts of producing and using future electric vehicles (EVs) are important given their expected role in mitigating global climate change and local air pollutants. Recently, studies have begun assessing the effect of potential future changes in EVs supply chains on overall environmental performance. This study contributes by integrating expected changes in future energy, iron, and steel production in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs. In this light, the study examines the impacts of changes in these parameters on producing and charging future EVs. Future battery electric vehicles (BEV) could have a 36–53% lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to current BEV. The change in source of electricity generation accounts for 89% of GWP reductions over the BEV’s life cycle. Thus, it presents the highest GWP reduction potential of 35–48%. The use of hydrogen for direct reduction of iron in steelmaking (HDR-I) is expected to reduce vehicle production GWP by 17% compared to current technology. By accounting for 9% of the life cycle GWP reductions, HDR-I has the second-highest reduction potential (1.3–4.8%). The results also show that the potential for energy efficiency improvement measures for GWP reduction in vehicle and battery manufacture would be more beneficial when applied now than in the distant future (2050), when the CO2 intensity of the EU electricity is expected to be lower. Interestingly, under the same conditions, the high share of renewable energy in vehicle supply chains contributed to a decrease in all air pollution-related impact categories, but an increase in toxicity-related categories, as well as land use and water consumption.

Reducing the weight of electric conductors is an important task in the design of future electric air and ground vehicles. Fully electric aircraft, where high electric energies have to be distributed over significant distances, are a prime example. Multifunctional composite materials with both adequate structural and electrical properties are a promising approach to substituting conventional monofunctional components and achieving considerable mass reductions. In this paper, a hybrid multifunctional glass-fiber-reinforced composite containing quasi-endless aluminum fibers with a diameter of is proposed for electric energy transfer. In addition to characterizing the material’s behavior under static and fatigue loads, combined electrical-mechanical tests are conducted to prove the material’s capability of carrying electric current. Light microscopy, thermal imaging and potentiometry-based resistance characterization are used to investigate the damage behavior. It is found that a volume fraction of about work-hardened aluminum fibers does not affect the static fiber-parallel material properties significantly. Under transverse loading, however, the tensile strength is found to decrease by 17% due to the weak bonding of the aluminum fibers. The fiber-parallel fatigue strength of the multifunctional laminate containing work-hardened aluminum fibers is comparable to that of the reference material. In contrast, the integration of soft-annealed aluminum fibers decreases the tensile strength (−10%) and fatigue life (−21%). Concerning the electrical properties, electrical resistance is nearly unchanged until specimen rupture under quasi-static tensile loads, whereas under cyclic loading, it increases up to 60% within the last third of the fatigue life. Furthermore, the material’s capability of carrying currents up to 0.32 A/mm2 (current density of 4.5 A/mm2 in the aluminum phase) is proven. Under combined electrical-mechanical loads, a notable reduction in the fatigue life (−20%) is found at low fatigue loads, which is attributed to ohmic specimen heating. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study on the electrical and mechanical material properties and damage behavior of glass-fiber-reinforced composites containing aluminum fibers tested under combined electrical-mechanical loads.

This chapter primarily aims at addressing the practical issues for commercialization of current and future plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and focuses primarily on power electronics based solutions for both current as well as future electric vehicle (EV) technologies. New PHEV power system architectures are discussed in detail. Key EV battery technologies are explained as well as corresponding battery management issues are summarized. Advanced power electronics intensive charging infrastructures for EVs and PHEVs are also discussed in detail.

Objective: Proper site selection of an electric vehicle to transfer the optimal power from grid to vehicle in a car park infrastructure. Analysis: In this sense, Fuzzy Logic Controller is designed in NI based LabVIEW platform. The controller is simulated through the graphical designing software, which has the capability of easy data acquisition, processing, monitoring and controlling. After that the practical application of this software in automobile industry provides a better performance of the respective unit which can reduce the cost and save the time. Findings: In this near future, electric and hybrid electric vehicles will play an important role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Since these vehicles use electricity as their primary fuel, it provides one of the most anticipating approaches towards the reduction of exhaust gas pollution. It has more or less impact on local or global emission profiles. Inductive charging station is a form of wireless charging workplace which uses electromagnetic field to transfer the energy from charging station to vehicle. This advanced technology needs a proper place alignment to park the vehicle in car park infrastructure. In this study, the most sustainable site selection method for this specific type of charging is investigated in an optimal way. This advanced controller will give a precise place alignment for car parking. The controller will be activated depending on the availability of parking slot. Improvement: For this kind of system, when a large parking area will be considered at that time some intelligent controllers should be designed for constant supply and distribution of power from grid to vehicle in a continuous manner.Keywords: Car Park Infrastructure, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Inductive Charging, LabVIEW, Vehicle

Transportation electrification is one of the essential components in the future smart city planning and electric vehicles (EVs) will be integrated into the transportation system seamlessly. Charging stations are the main source of energy for EVs and their locations are critical to the accessibility of EVs in a city. They should be carefully situated so that an EV can access a charging station within its driving range and cruise around anywhere in the city upon being recharged. In this paper, we formulate the Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement Problem, in which we minimize the total construction cost subject to the constraints for the charging station coverage and the convenience of the drivers for EV charging. We study the properties of the problem, especially its NP-hardness, and propose an efficient greedy algorithm to tackle the problem. We perform a series of simulation whose results show that the greedy algorithm can result in solutions comparable to the mixed-integer programming approach and its computation time is much shorter.

The future of Electric Vehicles (EV) depends on fast-charging stations powered by Renewable Energy Source(RES), particularly solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems. Integrating PV, EV, and the electric grid can cause specific issues when it comes to supplying high-quality electricity. This paper presents a model of an integrated PV- grid-EV fast charging station that consistently delivers power with better power quality. The performance of the proposed charging station is validated for bidirectional power flow in Hybrid DC Fast Charging (HDCFC) station with continuously varying solar insolation. The design of the HDCFC station controller is to charge the EV by reducing the dependence on the electric grid and utilising maximum energy from the PV by maintaining the DC link voltage constant. The dynamic response of the proposed charger is investigated under varying solar insolation and load conditions and the tracking capability is found accurate and sensitive to varying conditions. The smooth transition shows better performance of the hybrid charger utilising the maximum benefit of PV during high solar insolation. This study covers the dynamic performance of the overall system, THDi and power flow control for different modes of operation.

High power density and high torque density are the fundamental requirements for electric machines used in traction application. The former is obtained by potentially increasing the speed of the machine while the latter by using high energy density rare earth magnets. Ferrite magnets are explored as a viable alternative to rare earth magnets which are relatively expensive and geographically concentrated. The paper is intended to bring out the current trend of electric machines used in electric vehicles (EVs) with due focus on permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance (PM-SynRel) machine. High power and high speed PM-SynRel machine with rare earth and ferrite magnets are designed and compared based on the requirements for a future electric commercial vehicles. The ratio of stack length, mass of magnet, total mass and inertia of rare earth machine in comparison to ferrite PM-SynRel is found to be 0.72, 0.42, 0.72 and 0.32, respectively. Based on these, the rare earth based machine is found to have high power density, torque density and also utilizes lesser volume of magnets but PM-SynRel with ferrite is getting closer.

Water resource impacts of future electric vehicle development in China

This paper presents a double-stator permanent magnet brushless DC machine (DS-PMBLDC) which is proposed to be used in light electric vehicles and to replace a typical motor for electric vehicles in future. However, to fulfill the limitation of motor performance at different conditions, electric vehicles require their own specific motor design. Thus, a modular type of motor which can easily replace the electrical motor based on requirements for the electric driving system in power train of an electric vehicle was proposed and discussed in this paper. The operating principle of the proposed machine is reported. Concentrated winding is adopted for the stators of a 9-slot 8-pole DS-PMBLDC machine. The cogging torque, back-EMF, air-gap flux density, torque and power characteristic have been analyzed using 2-dimensional Finite-Element Analysis (2D-FEA). Experimental and simulation results are compared and discussed. Theoretical analysis of the proposed machine show an efficiency of 80% and 75% efficiency in motoring and generating mode respectively. The 2D-FEA simulation results are in good agreement with the measurement results.

The future of electric vehicles (EVs) is shaped by rapid technological innovations and evolving market trends that promise to revolutionize the automotive industry and accelerate the transition towards sustainable transportation. This paper explores key advancements in EV technology and emerging market trends that are driving the future of electric mobility. Technological innovations are central to the advancement of EVs, with significant improvements in battery technology being a primary driver. Recent developments in solid-state batteries offer enhanced energy density, faster charging times, and improved safety compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. Advances in battery management systems and thermal management are further enhancing the performance and longevity of EV batteries. Additionally, innovations in electric drivetrains, such as more efficient motors and power electronics, are contributing to better performance and efficiency. Charging infrastructure is another critical area of innovation. The expansion of fast-charging networks and the development of ultra-fast chargers are addressing range anxiety and reducing charging times. Wireless and inductive charging technologies are also emerging, offering the potential for more convenient and seamless charging experiences. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies are enabling EVs to not only draw power from the grid but also supply energy back, contributing to grid stability and promoting renewable energy integration. Market trends indicate a growing adoption of EVs driven by supportive policies, incentives, and increasing consumer awareness of environmental issues. Governments worldwide are implementing stricter emission regulations and offering subsidies for EV purchases, which are accelerating market growth. Major automakers are investing heavily in EV development and expanding their electric vehicle portfolios, signaling a shift towards electrified transportation. Furthermore, the rise of shared mobility services and urbanization is influencing EV adoption, with electric ride-sharing and delivery vehicles becoming more prevalent. Advances in autonomous driving technology are also expected to complement the growth of EVs, providing enhanced safety and convenience. As technology continues to evolve and market dynamics shift, the future of electric vehicles promises to be characterized by greater efficiency, wider adoption, and a more sustainable transportation ecosystem. These advancements are set to redefine the automotive industry and contribute significantly to reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability.

The rapid advancement and broad adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) represent a significant transformation within the electric vehicle industry, driven by the increasing demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable transportation options. This study aims to analyse consumer perceptions of EVs, identifying key factors that influence their attitudes and decision-making processes. The research explores various dimensions, including environmental consciousness, economic considerations, technological advancements, and infrastructural readiness, that impact consumer acceptance of EVs. Additionally, it addresses the primary barriers to EV adoption, such as cost concerns, range anxiety, and inadequate charging infrastructure. By understanding these perceptions and challenges, the study provides strategic recommendations for policymakers, manufacturers, and marketers to foster greater acceptance and adoption of EVs. In the end, this study aims to help create successful plans that will propel the shift towards a greener electric vehicle in future.

India is revamping towards building smart cities along with collaboration of information and communication technologies as a future mode of transportation and with a vision of adapting electric motor vehicles (EMVs) more than 90% to make electric vehicle nation by 2030. With scarcity and increased floating prices of combustion fuels, it has procured enormous intrigue among various researchers as the EMVs are termed as an upcoming incredible mode of transportation. In addition, EMVs protect environment by satisfying go-green initiative and it is vital to protect conventional fuels and use renewable sources. However, the EMVs have shorter driving ranges, which are limited by inadequate charge storage in batteries, EMVs are economical compared to using gasoline but due to irregularly distributed charging stations causing lack of interest and hindrance among people in adoption of EMVs. This paper presents unique strategy to assist EMVs users through optimum routing directions to charging stations with ease of access by using cloud hosted on VANET. The goal is to locate the shortest and with least traffic routes for charging EMVs through the cloud-based vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) model. Here, optimum routes for acquiring the nearest charging station find out using proposed social ski driver (SSD) algorithm and a comparative analysis is done with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm by considering traffic density, battery power and distance parameters. The experimental result of proposed SSD algorithm outperforms the PSO.KeywordsElectric motor vehicle (EMVs)SSDPSOVANETCS

This article is based on a literature review that includes various academic studies, industry reports, and trend analysis related to the development of electric vehicles. This method aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities in the adoption of electric vehicles, especially in the aspects of infrastructure, battery technology, and vehicle production and distribution. By collecting and analyzing data from various reliable sources, this article can present accurate and relevant information on electric vehicle trends at the global and regional levels. The results of the study show that while electric vehicles offer environmentally friendly solutions and better energy efficiency than fossil fuel vehicles, there are various challenges that need to be overcome. These include limited charging infrastructure, high battery production costs, and the need for regulatory policies that support the transition to electric vehicles. This article also discusses potential solutions through technological innovation, cross-sector collaboration, and sustainable investment in electric vehicle development. With the right strategy, electric vehicles have the potential to become the main choice in a more sustainable transportation future.

In this paper, the power architectures and the power electronics circuit topologies for future megawatt electric vehicle (EV) superfast charging stations with enhanced grid support functionality are discussed and a promising power architecture is proposed. The paper first does a literature research. Based on the literature research, the disadvantages of the existing technologies are identified. A power architecture is proposed for megawatt multifunctional EV charging stations to get over the disadvantages of the existing technologies. The power architecture is integrated with grid energy storage, renewable energy sources and it can carry bidirectional power flows. The proposed power architecture cannot only charge EVs but also simultaneously achieve grid support functions. The proposed power architecture can also achieve high efficiency and high reliability. Bidirectional DC/DC converters, medium frequency transformer design and control scheme are also briefly discussed in the paper. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the proposed technical approach.

In future electric vehicles are dependent on renewable energy sources to provide the electricity required for sustainable mobility. This paper examines the results of a cost-efficient renewable energy supply simulation for fast charge and battery switch stations of electric vehicles. Typical feed-in characteristics of photovoltaics, offshore and onshore wind power in Germany are used hereby. Overall system costs are minimised by optimising the composition of the renewable power infrastructure dependent upon the energy demand of the stations. Battery switch stations have an advantage over fast charge stations due to their stationary storage option of several batteries being held in reserve. Thus battery switch stations are able to buffer times of meagre renewable feed-in and so reduce the costs for necessary overcapacities of renewable energies. The economic optimisation of renewable power supply for charging EV batteries is vital for providing sustainable and affordable mobility.