Assessing Reconstruction Efforts in Old Mosul: Safety, Accessibility, and Infrastructure in Historic Public Places

Statement of purpose Crime is distributed in patterns of time and space, it is not random. Moreover, an individuals’ risk of victimisation varies with individual characteristics. Perceptions of safety are often misaligned with risk yet these perceptions guide our everyday behaviour. The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is feasible to explore individuals’ perception of safety in urban neighbourhoods using 360 degree photographs of urban environments. Furthermore, to determine if these perceptions were accurate based on actual crime for each location Methods/approach Using a randomised controlled experimental design, participants were assigned to view 360 degree photos of urban spaces where an adolescent fatal injury had occurred or a matched space where an adolescent spent time but no injury occurred. Results Of those who agreed to participate (n = 21), 73% were female, 76% white and 57% grew up in a very large city or suburbs of a very large city. Cases and controls were not significantly different on any demographic indicator measured at baseline. There was a nearly significant difference in mean safety scores for cases compared to controls (0.81, p = 0.09) but not in the expected direction. A significant difference in mean safety scores between cases and controls that grew up in a large city or suburb (1.39, p = 0.04) yet again, not in the expected direction. Spearman’s correlations for safety ratings and actual crimes show significant but very weak associations, except robbery, theft and vandalism. Conclusions Consistent with existing literature, individual’s perception of safety in urban environments is not congruent with risk based on objective measures. No significant difference was found between safety measures for cases and controls suggesting environmental markers, such as disorder, are not sufficient indicators of safety. Significance and contributions This study demonstrates unique Methods for further exploration of perceptions of disorder, physical environment and safety.

Introduction: Guaranda, Ecuador, is an emerging tourist destination renowned for its cultural and natural wealth, where the perception of safety is a determining factor for its sustainable development.Objective: The perception of tourist safety in Guaranda was analyzed, comparing the perspectives of local residents and visitors.Methods: A quantitative approach was implemented through the application of structured surveys to a representative sample of residents and tourists. The instrument evaluated six specific areas of tourist safety.Results: Divergent perceptions were identified between the two groups studied. Tourists expressed a general perception of greater safety at the destination, while local residents expressed more significant concerns, particularly in the areas of public safety and road safety.Conclusions: The study contributed to knowledge about the perception of safety in emerging tourist destinations, highlighting substantial differences between residents and visitors. The findings provided relevant information for local authorities, tourism sector stakeholders, and the community, facilitating the design of strategies aimed at improving safety conditions and promoting sustainable tourism development in the destination.

The aim of the paper is to empirically examine how perceived safety and procedural justice effect satisfaction service recovery of domestic airline passengers in Nigeria. The study uses survey method, quantitative in nature. Using PLS SEM the conceptual model was tested with a sample of 444 passengers obtained through cluster sample. From the result, both perceptions of safety and procedural justice are important to domestic airline passenger satisfaction when evaluating the airline's recovery effort in Nigeria. Empirical evidence showed that satisfaction service recovery is directly influenced by perceived safety and procedural justice.The main limitation is that the study uses cross-sectional sample of airline passengers. It also relied on information from prospective domestic airline passengers, while neglecting other type of passengers. The research shows that passengers’ perception of safety, determine their satisfaction with service recovery. It shows that in situations of failure similar to the present, safety perception, procedural justice should be given preference during service recovery.The study fortifies the justice theory in service recovery of domestic airline context by including perception of safety. However, through empirical testing the perception of safety, procedural justice variables determine satisfaction with recovery. It suggests that airline industry faced with service failure need to consider the passengers’ perception of safety and procedural justice during recovery.

Waste in Sintang City is still a problem despite the issuance of Sintang District Regulation No. 4 of 2015 on the Management of Household Waste and Waste Similar to Household Waste and Sintang Regent Regulation No. 54 of 2017 on Procedures for the Management of Household Waste and Waste Similar to Household Waste. Waste problems can be seen in piles of garbage in places that should not be used for waste disposal, resulting in illegal landfills or temporary landfills that exceed their capacity. This study aims to determine the level of community and stakeholder knowledge about waste; analyse community attitudes and awareness towards waste management; assess stakeholder perceptions of government waste management policies; assess community behaviour and participation in waste management; assess the role of institutions in supporting waste management; explore views through FGDs on waste management challenges and solutions. This research used both quantitative and qualitative approaches (mixed methods) to obtain comprehensive data. The quantitative approach was conducted through a survey of the community, while the qualitative approach was conducted through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Result showed that community knowledge about waste is good but uneven, especially with regard to the 3Rs.Community attitudes and awareness of waste management are positive but need to be supported by concrete actions. Government perception of waste management tends to be negative due to lack of facilities and socialisation. Waste management behaviour is good, but participation in management programmes is still low. Institutions play an important role but need to be strengthened in terms of regulations, resources and cooperation. Interviews and FGDs revealed the need for an integrated approach to address challenges and opportunities in waste management.

Professionals’ perceptions of safety related thinking in aircraft maintenance operations are still underrepresented, despite increased of safety research in aviation industry. By employing an institutional logics (ILs) theory, this article aims to explain how ILs influence safety perceptions, practices and behaviours in organizational safety. Based on a case study in an under-studied context, 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with aircraft maintenance engineers in an airline based in MENA region. The interviews focused mainly on family and religion logics and how they interact with actors’ safety perceptions and practices. The findings showed that safety practices and perceptions were strongly influenced by cultural values and religious beliefs. For the first time, this article reveals that ILs offer valuable insights into the logic of family and religion in the context of aircraft maintenance safety and operations. The results showed that these logics play a basic approach in organizational safety. This study advances the current safety research in aviation and ILs literature in addressing the contextual elements on safety perception and practices of organizational safety. Therefore, it demonstrates that investigating safety perception through ILs framework improves our comprehension of safety and offers a number of explanations for safety related behaviours and beliefs that might otherwise have been perceived as illogical. Safety managers, experts, and accident investigators can assess aviation safety incidents and accidents and their prevention measures through the use of ILs approach. Keywords: Accident investigations, Institutional logics, Organizational safety, Safety perceptions, Aircraft maintenance, Aviation safety.

Urban greening initiatives have taken many innovative forms over time, from large urban parks planning and preservation to ecosystem-based approaches such as Nature-based Solutions (NBS). Even though implementing NBS and vegetation are accompanied mainly by positive impacts, a considerable body of scientific evidence demonstrates the negative consequences of urban green areas on the subject of reducing safety and safety perception in terms of impacts on visibility and fear of crime. Considering vegetation as a critical element of the urban landscape, identifying the safety perception while implementing greenery interventions requires a deep study of their characteristics about space functionality.This chapter aims to implement a methodology for assessing the safety and security perception of urban green spaces. The methodology is based on safety and security principles and indicators selected from an extensive literature review of scientific research and design guidelines for safer cities and relying in particular on the concept of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Assembling data regarding the case study’s safety perception is conducted through a survey-based approach and an online questionnaire. Case-study application for testing the methodology was the Biblioteca degli Alberi di Milano (BAM) park in Milan, Italy.KeywordsNature-based solutions (NBS)Safety perceptionBiblioteca degli Alberi di Milano (BAM)Environmental criminology and risky placesPublic spaces

This study examined the influence of students’ perceptions and campus culture on waste management practices in higher education institutions within Ekiti State, Nigeria. Recognizing the growing waste management challenges in educational environments, the study adopted a mixed-method research design, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected through structured surveys, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions involving students and key institutional staff. A total of 500 students participated in the survey, while interviews and focus groups provided rich insights into the institutional processes, socio-cultural influences, and challenges shaping waste management behaviours on campuses. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequencies and percentages were employed to analyze the quantitative data, while the Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between students’ attitudes toward recycling and their actual participation in recycling practices. The findings revealed an increasing level of awareness among students regarding sustainable waste management; however, infrastructural deficiencies, negative perceptions, low environmental consciousness, and a weak waste management culture continue to pose significant barriers to active student participation. Furthermore, institutional policies and inadequate waste management facilities were identified as critical limiting factors. The Chi-square test result confirmed a statistically significant relationship between students’ positive attitudes towards recycling and their engagement in recycling activities. The study concludes that fostering a positive environmental culture and addressing the identified barriers are crucial for effective waste management in tertiary institutions. It recommends the development of waste management policies, provision of adequate infrastructure, continuous environmental education and awareness campaigns to promote sustainable waste management practices among students.

Purpose Using a case study from Delhi, India, this study aims to investigate why perceived safety endures despite crimes in the neighborhood. Local residents in Delhi feel considerably less fearful of crime in their neighborhoods, and a majority reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods, especially during the daytime. Design/methodology/approach This paper hypothesized that similar to the crime itself, perceptions of safety or the fear of crime, also tend to be concentrated in hotspots. Following a hotspot analysis based on the respondents’ perceptions of safety, the data gathered were applied to the perceived neighborhood structure. Using two perception-of-safety models, this paper could analyze the ripple effect of individual perception on the neighborhood by adding the calculated values of the perceived safety hotspot through hotspot analysis. Findings The results indicated that income, trust in others, attachment to the local neighborhood and police access can increase residents’ perceptions of safety. Additionally, the neighborhoods’ perception of safety was found to positively impact the individual’s perception of safety. Research limitations/implications This study was limited in terms of generalizing the findings. Further studies could potentially include not only other cities in India but also, cities in developing countries in Africa and Latin America, where residents tend not to fear crime despite high crime rates. Practical implications Residents’ perceived safety does not necessarily reflect local crimes and security. Local policies to improve residents’ perceptions of safety have to often be separated from crime reduction because a reduction in some crimes would not necessarily improve residents’ perception of safety. Contrarily, if the crime rate is high, as in the case of Delhi, people may have a moderate fear of crime across the neighborhood. Originality/value Notably, this study found that, along with trust in others and attachment to the local neighborhood, individuals’ perception of safety is positively affected by neighborhoods’ perception of safety, which is assessed by the alternate analytic model.

Passengers’ perception of safety and its relationship with demographics, service quality, satisfaction and loyalty in airlines sector - A case study of Vietnam to Australia route

A historic area situated within contemporary urban space must adapt to modern lifestyles and aesthetic sensibilities to sustain its vitality and facilitate effective heritage transmission. A key criterion for evaluating adaptation is its ability to fulfill people’s ‘demands’ for it. This paper focuses on people’s demands as its core, employing the post-occupancy evaluation theory and the scene theory to develop a subjective evaluation framework for scenes within urban historic conservation areas. An application case study uses the typical historical area of Foshan, China, as an evaluation framework. The discussion encompasses spatial vitality, extraction of scene elements, construction of an indicator set, satisfaction evaluation, and differences in evaluations across areas and individual indicators. The research findings reveal several key points: (1) People’s attention and demands regarding scene elements in urban historic conservation areas are multifaceted. (2) There is a high degree of tolerance among people towards urban historic conservation areas, with varying preferences for different areas. (3) The approach to area protection and development needs diversification. (4) People’s overall perception of an area is influenced by various elements within the scenes. The application of this evaluation framework can aid in understanding people’s “demands” and their underlying reasons while also providing assistance for future optimization efforts related to urban historic conservation areas. Furthermore, the subjective evaluation framework has potential applicability for research into other historical cultural street areas.

Since early 2020, the world has faced a pandemic that has caused a disruption in our lives, the likes of which have never been seen before. The COVID-19 pandemic changed the way we live, work, communicate, socialize, travel and even plan our future life. The lockdowns and civilian and travel restrictions imposed by countries worldwide have drastically affected citizens' daily routines and mobility. In consequence, all sectors are currently struggling with an unprecedented crisis, as health-related concerns have substantial effects on travel industry at the local, national and global level. The current increase in mortality rate caused by the new coronavirus has affected individuals' risk and safety perceptions and consequently their travel behaviour.A quantitative research methodology using an online questionnaire was implemented in Portugal, and a sample composed of 1900 answers collected during one year allowed to analyze the impact that the current pandemic has on people's safety and risk perceptions and how it is affecting their daily life and travel behaviours and their willingness to accept civilian and travel restrictions. The results confirmed that the pandemic had a strong impact on Portuguese residents' safety perceptions and their travel and tourism plans. Also, it was possible to conclude that those perceptions have changed over the course of three pandemic waves.The discussion focuses on the kind of implications this situation may have for tourism destination management and marketing. Study limitations and guidelines for future research are also forwarded.

Waste disposal and management are common issues in urban and rural areas of Sri Lanka. Limited resources at Local Authorities for management and inappropriate dumping aggravate those issues. However, in a broad perspective, every person in the society is a potential generator of waste and thus a stakeholder in the issue. Many of the formal interventions over the past several years for community based waste management Programmes (CBWMP) unfortunately failed to meet expected benefits. The Maharagama Urban Council (MUC) is an example where in-situ bin composting was introduced yet no information is available on its success. Therefore, this research is focused to explore feasibility and effectiveness of CBWMP and how it affects source reduction of waste generation in MUC area. This research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. A questionnaire survey was designed to identify the income levels, social attitudes about the waste management, attitudes of waste segregation, land extent, waste management knowledge, reasons for failures of existing organic waste management methods. Alternatively, “Takakura” composting method was introduced as a pilot study for 15 households and 3 institutions as a mean of in-situ organic waste management process and evaluated its sustainability. The Takakura method uses native organisms for composting-cultured and fermented from locally available materials such as fresh fruits, vegetable peels, soy source, brown sugar, curd and mushroom rice bran and rice husks. The findings of the questionnaire revealed that a majority of households in the MUC are concerned about waste management and yet sorting of waste is not adopted by many. The practice of reuse, recycle and reduce (3Rs) concepts are also low in MUC area. People were of the opinion that it is not possible to reduce the volume of waste generation. The pilot programme of the Takakura composting method showed reduction of 40% organic waste generation which was also a fast, easy and economic method. Consequently, the new adaptation to Takakura composting can improve environmental hygiene, eliminate of foul odors and reduce emission of methane gas. Further, it is important that the Central Government support the local authorities in implementing such projects through provision of financial support for the household composting and institutional mini composting centers, promoting its usage in urban agriculture, and providing other financial and political incentives to reduce waste generation. In perspective, this type of in-situ waste management strategies will always improve people’s living standards and opt for a green life in a greener city. Keywords: Community based waste management programmes, Takakura composting method, Maharagama Urban Council area

Objective: To analyze the actions and discourses of the municipal government of Salvador, Bahia, focused on Urban Solid Waste (MSW) management and its contribution to climate change mitigation. Theoretical Framework: It is based on theoretical concepts such as Sustainable Development, Circular Economy, Urban Metabolism, Shared Responsibility, and Waste Governance, and is guided by the guidelines of the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) and the Basic Sanitation Legal Framework. Method: A qualitative and descriptive research approach was used, using a case study in the municipality of Salvador, Bahia. Data collection was based on a literature review, document analysis, and secondary sources. Results and discussion: The vision of the current municipal administration, expressed in its speeches and embodied in policies such as the carbon neutrality goal and the Municipal Climate Action Plan, indicates a growing awareness of the interconnection between waste management and climate challenges. This integration of agendas is crucial, as it allows for a more strategic allocation of resources and the development of systemic solutions. However, operational and structural challenges persist. Overcoming the remaining challenges in the full implementation of policies, institutional strengthening, and the pursuit of greater integration in collaborative networks will be crucial for Salvador to fully achieve its ambitious climate goals and solidify its role as a truly sustainable and resilient city. Research Implications: The study indicates that municipal government discourse and initiatives, focused on modernizing infrastructure, encouraging recycling, and integrating waste management with the climate agenda, reinforce the city's commitment to sustainability. Originality/Value: Urban Solid Waste management is a fundamental component in the fight against climate change. Far from being simply a matter of disposal, it represents an opportunity to align urban development with sustainability. The modern approach to waste management is based on interconnected concepts that, when combined, form a solid framework for sustainable policies and practices.

Women face disadvantages in urban public spaces due to their physiological characteristics. However, limited attention has been given to assessing safety perceptions from a female perspective and identifying the factors that influence these perceptions. Despite advancements in machine learning (ML) techniques, efficiently and accurately quantifying safety perceptions remains a challenge. This study, using Wuhan as a case study, proposes a method for ranking street safety perceptions for women by combining RankNet with Gist features. Fully Convolutional Network-8s (FCN-8s) was employed to extract built environment features, while Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) were used to explore the relationship between these features and women’s safety perceptions. The results reveal the following key findings: (1) The safety perception rankings in Wuhan align with its multi-center urban pattern, with significant differences observed in the central area. (2) Built environment features significantly influence women’s safety perceptions, with the Sky View Factor, Green View Index, and Roadway Visibility identified as the most impactful factors. The Sky View Factor has a positive effect on safety perceptions, whereas the other factors exhibit negative effects. (3) The influence of built environment features on safety perceptions varies spatially, allowing the study area to be classified into three types: sky- and road-dominant, building-dominant, and greenery-dominant regions. Finally, this study proposes targeted strategies for creating safer and more female-friendly urban public spaces.

Although crime and the fear of crime affect both the men and women who live in cities, women are especially affected. In numerous studies they express significantly higher levels of fear than men. For example, according to a 1972 national poll,1 over half the women surveyed, compared with 20 percent of the men, said they were afraid to walk in their neighborhoods at night. The proportion of women reporting such feelings has grown in recent years.2 Accompanying this fear may be an increased use of certain safety precautions, such as staying home at night or avoiding certain parts of the city. This results in what Biderman3 has called "foregone opportunities." Beyond serving as means of protection for women, such restrictions may serve as instruments of social control. Feminist analyses of one crime, rape, have made this point eloquently: