Assessing mutual intelligibility between Kurmanji and Zazaki spoken in Elazığ at text level

BackgroundLower limb balance ability is reduced after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, the recovery of balance based on functional test scores after ACLR is not known because the correlation between balance and clinical scores remains unclear. We aimed to analyze the correlation between lower limb balance assessed by functional test and clinical knee test scores after ACLR.MethodsWe evaluated lower limb balance using the anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) of the Biodex Balance System (BBS). Patients underwent clinical tests to evaluate the knee, including the Tegner activity score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score, Lysholm score, and KT-2000 arthrometer measurement, hamstring per quadriceps muscle strength ratio at 60°/sec (HQ ratio), and functional performance tests (single-leg hop and single-leg vertical jump tests) 1 year after ACLR. We used a paired t-test to compare continuous preoperative and postoperative variables and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between BBS-APSI and clinical scores.ResultsForty-eight patients (35 men and 13 women; mean age, 28.9 ± 8.3 years) were included. The follow-up period and BBS-APSI were 12.4 ± 2.0 months and 0.9 ± 0.4, respectively. Tegner activity score, IKDC subjective score, Lysholm score, and KT-2000 arthrometer measurement improved significantly postoperatively (p < 0.001). BBS-APSI was correlated with the Tegner activity score (r = –0.335, p = 0.020), IKDC subjective score (r = –0.301, p = 0.037), Lysholm score (r = –0.323, p = 0.025), single-leg hop test results (r = –0.300, p = 0.038), and single-leg vertical jump test results (r = –0.336, p = 0.019). There was no correlation between KT-2000 arthrometer measurement and HQ ratio.ConclusionsBBS-APSI was correlated with functional performance test scores after ACLR, rendering the BBS-APSI as a useful assessment tool to evaluate postoperative functional recovery. Continuously improving balance after ACLR could be useful for functional recovery after surgery.

Study design: A correlation study to determine the relationship of the results of linear isokinetic testing and various functional tests. Objectives: To determine the relationship of scores on a linear isokinetic test to scores on a variety of lower extremity functional tests. Background: Both isokinetic testing and functional tests are commonly used during the rehabilitation of individuals with sports and orthopedic injuries. Limited information exists regarding the relationships of scores on a linear isokinetic test and scores on functional tests. Methods and measures: Twenty-nine healthy subjects performed a velocity spectrum linear isokinetic test consisting of 3 sets in a bilateral reciprocal mode, followed by three sets in a bilateral coupled mode. Testing velocities were 25.4, 50.8 and 76.2 cm per second. Six maximal volitional linear isokinetic repetitions were performed at each testing velocity. Following linear isokinetic testing, subjects performed 5 functional tests: bilateral leg vertical jump, unilateral leg vertical jump, double leg jump for distance, single-leg hop for distance, and single-leg timed 6-meter hop. Functional testing entailed 3 maximal volitional attempts of the 5 procedures for both the dominant and non-dominant lower extremity. The mean of the 3 attempts was used for calculations. Means and standard deviations of the functional test scores and isokinetic test scores were determined using standard statistical procedures. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the mean scores on the linear isokinetic test scores and functional tests for both the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Results: Twenty-three out of 36 correlation coefficients were significant at the p &lt; 0.01 level, whi1e 12 out of 36 were significant at the p &lt; 0.05 level. Only 1 out of 36 was non-significant when comparing bilateral reciprocal scores to single-leg functional test scores. The bilateral reciprocal correlation coefficients ranged from -0.36 to 0.65. Six out of 12 bilateral coupled correlation coefficients were significant at p &lt; 0.01, while 3 out of 12 were significant at the p &lt; 0.05 level and only 3 were considered non-significant. The bilateral coupled correlation coefficients ranged from 0.11 to 0.64. Conclusions: Results from this study indicate a significant relationship exists between the results of linear isokinetic testing and various functional tests. Despite the significant relationship, the majority of Pearson Product moment correlation coefficients were in the low to moderate range. Therefore, the use of either a linear isokinetic test or a functional test in isolation to determine strength and performance is strongly discouraged. Linear isokinetic testing should be used for testing lower extremity strength, while functional tests should be used to determine performance levels. The authors recommend utilizing both testing methods since strength does not always correlate strongly with physical performance.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different strength training on anaerobic power, speed and functional movement screen test scores in young football players. A total of 22 male football players between the ages of 18-22 who were doing regular football training participated in the study voluntarily. Participants were divided into two different groups as experimental (n:11 age: 20.15±1.77) and control group (n:11 age: 21.47±1.96) by random method. Different strength training sessions were applied to the experimental group 3 days a week for 6 weeks. Both groups continued their regular season football training. Core training and plyometric training programs were applied to the experimental group as strength training methods. Anaerobic power, speed and functional movement screen test scores were measured before and after training. A vertical jump test was applied to measure the anaerobic power of the subjects. A 30-meter test was applied for speed. Functional Movement Screen test kit was used to measure functional movement screen test scores. The SPSS 22.0 package program was used to obtain statistical results. Shapiro-Wilk test was applied for the normality test. A Paired Samples T-test was used to compare intragroups. Independent Samples T Test was applied for statistical evaluation between groups. The significance level was determined as p&amp;lt;0.05. A positive improvement was found in the anaerobic power, speed and functional movement screen test scores of the experimental group after different strength training programs. As a result, it can be said that a 6-week different strength training program applied to young football players has a positive effect on anaerobic power, speed and functional movement screen test scores.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0779/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

To measure quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength with Isokinetic dynamometer in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and also to examine the relationship between muscle strength and functional test scores and subjective assessment. In this case-control study a total of 30 subjects (15 healthy and 15 patients with diagnosed PFPS) completed Kujala questionnaire concerning subjective functional knee assessment. Then muscle strength was measured with Isokinetic dynamometer in sitting position during 10 to 90 degree of knee flexion in 60 and 120 degree per sec speeds. Finally two kinds of functional tests (step down and semi-squat) were performed by each subject. There was no relationship between functional test scores and Isokinetic strength assessment. There was a poor relationship between functional test scores and Kujala questionnaire score (r = 0.47 for semi squat test and 0.37 for step down test). The overall mean scores of quadriceps Isokinetic parameter in 60 degree per sec speed, functional test scores and KuJala subjective knee assessment scores was less in patients with PFPS. This study showed that both Isokinetic dynamometry and functional tests must be done individually in patients with PFPS.

The objective of our study was to assess the accuracy of one of the most used scoring systems, the Bhalla scoring system, in the detection of lung impairment in patients with cystic fibrosis and in the prediction of cystic fibrosis progression. From the database of our center, 300 CT examinations performed between 1991 and 2001 were reviewed. Pulmonary function tests performed the same day as radiologic assessment were available. Of this group, 145 examinations were retrospectively included, referring to 87 patients with confirmed cystic fibrosis and a mean age (+/- SD) of 15.6 +/- 8.4 years (range, 9 months-38 years). Thirty patients underwent one CT examination, 56 underwent two examinations, and one patient underwent three examinations. The mean interval between two examinations was 36.5 months. The 145 examinations were independently reviewed by three radiologists who were blinded to the clinical and pulmonary function test results. The CT examinations were assessed using the scoring system proposed by Bhalla and colleagues. CT assessed using the Bhalla scoring system is mildly correlated with functional pulmonary test results and has high interobserver reproducibility. The CT score significantly changed between scans obtained in a mean interval of 36.5 months, whereas functional pulmonary test results did not, suggesting that CT is more sensitive than function tests for detecting small changes. However, the variation in CT scores did not predict progression of functional pulmonary test results or progression of CT findings between scans. CT assessment based on the Bhalla scoring system is more sensitive than pulmonary function tests in detecting initial morphologic changes. However, we found no evidence of the predictive value of CT.

The Functional Reach Test is used to assess balance of Special Olympic athletes as part of the FUNfitness screens held at Special Olympics games. However, it is unknown if the Functional Reach Test is an accurate assessment of balance in this population. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympic athletes. Data were collected as a part of the FUNfitness screens during Arizona Special Olympics games. The Functional Reach Test scores of 272 Special Olympic athletes were recorded. Athletes were asked to report the number of falls they experienced in the last 12months. A two-tailed Kendall tau test revealed little to no relationship between number of falls and Functional Reach Test scores of either the left upper extremity (n=263, τ=-0.063, P=0.202) or the right upper extremity (n=263, τ=-0.107, P=0.030). Sensitivity of the Functional Reach Test to identify fallers was 28.8%, and specificity was 83.5%. Scores of the Functional Reach Test did not correlate with actual falls. The relatively high specificity indicates the assessment is good at identifying non-fallers, while the low sensitivity results in a high number of fallers not being recognised as such. Therefore, the cut-off scores used for the Functional Reach Test in FUNfitness screenings may need to be altered to more accurately identify balance deficits in this population. FUNfitness screens need to be quick, efficient and accurate. As such, selection of the most appropriate assessment tools is essential. Consideration should be given on how to make the Functional Reach Test the most beneficial as a FUNfitness screen.

Background:When to allow an athlete to return to unrestricted sporting activity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains controversial.Purpose:To report the results of functional performance testing reported in the literature for individuals at differing time points following ACL reconstruction and to examine differences between graft types.Study Design:Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A systematic review of Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed using PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were English-language studies that examined any functional rehabilitation test from 6 months to 2 years following ACL reconstruction. All patient-, limb-, and knee-specific demographics were extracted from included investigations. All functional rehabilitation tests were analyzed and compared when applicable.Results:The search term returned a total of 890 potential studies, with 88 meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 4927 patients were included, of which 66% were male. The mean patient age was 26.5 ± 3.4 years. The predominant graft choices for reconstruction were bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autograft (59.8%) and hamstring autograft (37.9%). The most commonly reported functional tests were the hop tests. The results of these functional tests, as reported in the Limb Symmetry Index (LSI), improved with increasing time, with nearly all results greater than 90% at 1 year following primary ACL reconstruction. At 6 months postoperatively, a number of isokinetic strength measurements failed to reach 80% LSI, most commonly isokinetic knee extension testing in both BPTB and hamstring autograft groups. The knee flexion strength deficit was significantly less in the BPTB autograft group as compared with those having hamstring autograft at 1 year postoperatively, while no significant differences were found in isokinetic extension strength between the 2 groups.Conclusion:Hop testing was the most commonly reported functional test following ACL reconstruction. Increases in performance on functional tests were predictably seen as time increased following surgery. Those with hamstring autografts may experience increased strength deficits with knee flexion versus those having BPTB autograft. These data provide information that may assist providers in determining timing of return to unrestricted sporting activity.

Prevalence, frequency, intensity, and location of cigarette use among adolescents in China from 2013–14 to 2019: Findings from two repeated cross-sectional studies

Elementary, Middle, and High School Students Vary in Frequency and Purpose When Using Online Digital References

Background: This study aim to compare between middle and high school students on the relationship of high-caffeine drinks and mental health.Methods: This national cross-sectional secondary study used data from the 20th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2024). The respondents of this study were 54,653 middle and high school students. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and complex sample logistic regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Results: Respondents of ‘much’ perceived stress consumed 1.493 times (P&lt;0.001) more high-caffeine drinks in middle school and 1.699 times (P&lt;0.001) in high school than those of ‘little.’ Respondents of ‘yes’ sadness &amp; despair consumed 1.189 times (P&lt;0.001) more high-caffeine drinks in middle school and consumed 1.142 times (P&lt;0.001) in high school than those of ‘no.’ Suicidal ideation and loneliness variables were statistically significant in middle school, but not in high school. Conclusions: It was concluded that middle and high school students who were more stressed and experienced sadness &amp; despair consumed more high-caffeine drinks. However, only middle school students who experienced suicidal ideation and loneliness consumed more high-caffeine drinks. Recognizing each characteristic of middle and high school students, tailored intervention program should be developed based on the community and school.

The purpose of this study is to carry out a survey of the oral health and maxillofacial trauma status of middle and high school students in Jeollabuk-do for establishing therapeutic and preventive measures and using as basic data on oral health care in an adolescent period. The results of this study are as follows. First, the prevalence status of oral diseases showed that male middle and female high school students have a little bit more dental caries than female middle and male high school students. And male middle and female high school students had more periodontitis than female middle and male high school students. Second, the maxillofacial trauma status of middle and high school students showed that both male middle and high school students have a little bit more experience of maxillofacial trauma than both female middle and high school students. And male middle and high school students had more experience of maxillofacial trauma than female middle and high school students, driven by unilateral hit in the fighting between male middle school students, and a car accident, fall, exercise, game, or unilateral hit in the fighting between male high school students. Third, the oral health status of middle and high school students showed that high school students have more dental caries, sealed permanent teeth, DMFT(Decay, Missing, Filling Teeth), and periodontitis than middle school students. Consequently, education for regular oral health care should be conducted through the importance of oral health care, and a systematic early diagnosis and remedy. It is urgent for adolescents to change their perception of the prevalence control, poor care prevention, and replacement reduction related to the importance of oral care.

PURPOSE: Physical activity is essential in maintaining general health of elderly people. Lower body strength and coordination are meant to be predictors of mobility and general physical activity. The aim of this study was to assess the association between results of different functional tests and objectively measured physical activity in elderly primary care patients. METHODS: Forty-eight community-dwelling persons (n=27 females, n=21 males) aged between 70 and 86 (mean 76.3) years were recruited through the surgeries of 6 different general practitioners. All subjects were able to walk with (n=3) or without a walking aid (n=45). As a measure of general physical activity subjects were instructed to wear a pedometer (with an internal memory chip storing 7 days of data in 1-day epochs) close to the hip for the following 7 days (morning till evening). Mean number of steps per day (Steps/d) was calculated. If possible, the following lower body functional tests were performed as measures of lower body strength and coordination: Timed Up-and-Go (TUG: time to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn, walk back, sit down again), Chair Rising (CR: time to complete five repetitions of rising from a chair, arms folded across the chest, and sitting down), Tandem Stand (TS: timed attempt (maximum 10 sec) to maintain feet in the tandem position, heel of one foot directly in front of the other foot), Tandem Walk (TW: step count of the attempt (maximum 8 steps) to walk heel of one foot directly in front of the other foot). Spearman's correlation was used to assess the association between Steps/d and functional test results. RESULTS: All subjects (n=48) wore the pedometer for a minimum of 4 days (mean 6.6 days). Mean Steps/d were 5492±3281 (409-14819) steps. The functional test results were (mean±SD): TUG (n=48) 13.2±4.9 sec; CR (n=46) 16.6±6.5 sec; TS (n=48) 9.2±2.1 sec; TW (n=44) 5.3±2.9 steps. The following correlation coefficients were found between Steps/d and: TUG r=-0.55 (p<0.05); CR r=-0.44 (p<0.05); TS r=0.11 (p=0.46); TW r=0.53 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the functional tests TUG, CR and TS are associated to objectively measured physical activity. Training interventions aiming to improve lower body strength and coordination of elderly primary care patients might also lead to an increase of their general physical activity level.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased considerably among U.S. youths since 2011. Tobacco use among youths in any form, including e-cigarettes, is unsafe. Tobacco product advertising can persuade youths to start using tobacco. CDC analyzed data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette advertisement exposure among U.S. middle school and high school students. The 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a school-based survey of middle school and high school students in grades 6-12, included 22,007 participants. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements (categorized as "sometimes," "most of the time," or "always") was assessed for four sources: retail stores, Internet, TV and movies, and newspapers and magazines. Weighted exposure estimates were assessed overall and by school type, sex, race/ethnicity, and grade. In 2014, 68.9% of middle and high school students (18.3 million) were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements from at least one source. Among middle school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (52.8%), followed by Internet (35.8%), TV and movies (34.1%), and newspapers and magazines (25.0%). Among high school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (56.3%), followed by Internet (42.9%), TV and movies (38.4%), and newspapers and magazines (34.6%). Among middle school students, 23.4% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.4% from two sources, 13.7% from three sources, and 11.9% from four sources. Among high school students, 21.1% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.0% from two sources, 14.5% from three sources, and 18.2% from four sources. Approximately seven in 10 U.S. middle and high school students were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements in 2014. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements might contribute to increased use of e-cigarettes among youths. Multiple approaches are warranted to reduce youth e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements, including efforts to reduce youth access to settings where tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, are sold, and regulation of youth-oriented e-cigarette marketing.

Middle school has been identified as the prime age group to begin nursing recruitment efforts because students have malleable perceptions about nursing as a future career choice. The purpose of this integrative review is to present a brief overview of research processes related to middle school students' perceptions of nursing as a future career choice and to critically evaluate the current instruments used to measure middle and high school students' perceptions of nursing as a career choice. An integrative review of the years 1989 to 2009 was conducted searching Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine PubMed service (PubMed), and Ovid MEDLINE databases using the key words career, choice, future, ideal, nursing, and perception. Reference lists of retrieved studies were hand searched, yielding a total of 22 studies. Inclusion criteria were (a) sample of middle school students, (b) sample of high school students, (c) mixed sample including middle or high school students, and (4) samples other than middle or high school students if the instrument was tested with middle or high school students in a separate study. Ten studies met these criteria. Of the 10 studies, samples were 30% middle school students; 40% high school students; 10% mixed, including school-aged students; and 20% college students with an instrument tested in middle school students. Eighty percent of participants were White females. Overall, participants' socioeconomic status was not identified. A single study included a theoretical framework. Five instruments were identified and each could be completed in 15 to 30 min. The most commonly used instrument is available free of charge. Seventy percent of the studies used Cronbach's alpha to report instrument reliability (0.63 to 0.93), whereas 30% failed to report reliability. Fifty percent of the studies established validity via a "panel of experts," with three of those studies further describing the panel of experts. Samples of white females may hinder generalization. Socioeconomic status was not consistently reported and may be an important factor with regard to perceptions of nursing as a career choice. An overall absence of theoretical framework hinders empirical data from being applied to nursing theories that in turn may support nursing concepts. The reporting of reliability and validity may be improved by further defining panel of experts and expanding the number of experts (more than seven). More in-depth evaluation of the psychometric properties of the instruments with more diverse populations is needed. Rigorously tested instruments may be useful in determining middle school students' perceptions about nursing. Therefore, future researchers should consider testing existing instruments in the middle school population, adhering to theoretical frameworks, diversifying the sample population, and clearly reporting reliability and validity to gain knowledge about middle school students' perceptions about a nursing career.

Article, see p 1993 The clinician now has an overwhelming array of investigations at his or her disposal for patients with suspected coronary heart disease. These tests are used to diagnose or risk-stratify patients and thereby enable the clinician to treat their symptoms and reduce their future risk. Ultimately, these investigations either assess risk factors (eg, lipid, glucose, and C-reactive protein concentrations) and proxies for disease (eg, carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium score) or are looking to provide circumstantial downstream evidence of disease (eg, markers of ischemia and infarction: Q waves on an ECG, fibrosis on magnetic resonance imaging or functional stress testing). In this issue of Circulation , Budoff and colleagues1 compare 2 of the most widely used approaches, coronary artery calcium scoring and functional stress testing, within the framework of the PROMISE trial (Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain). Coronary artery calcification is considered pathognomonic of atherosclerosis and has been a marker of coronary artery disease for millennia.2 Its presence is, however, a proxy of disease because it is induced in response to atherosclerosis, and, apart from rare calcific nodules, calcification does not directly cause ischemic heart disease events. Indeed, calcification appears to be an adaptive healing response to the necrotic atheromatous plaque whereby the body attempts to limit and contain the disease, much like the calcification of a caseating granuloma from mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, calcification does not directly relate to the degree of luminal or functional stenosis of the coronary artery, nor does it necessarily reflect the current status of the plaque because the calcification may be inactive, ongoing, or incomplete. Indeed, large areas of inert macrocalcification are associated with plaque stability, whereas spotty calcifications or microcalcifications are associated with high-risk plaques, probably because of incomplete calcification.3– …