Abstract

Pathogens have long been known to play a major role in the population dynamics of many important forest insects. For many irruptive species, outbreaks are terminated by baculovirus epizootics that cause dramatic declines of host density. Such epizootics are well known for Lepidoptera such as gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar; Douglas fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata; nun moth, L. monacha; pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea; forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria; western tent caterpillar, M. californicum pluviale, and the European larch budmoth, Zeiraphera diniana. Similar epizootics are known in sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) including the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer; the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae and the red-headed pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei.

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