Abstract
Efficacy has been defined as the extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideally controlled conditions when administered or monitored by experts. Studies on efficacy can be divided into those that study methods of conducting treatment (i.e., treatment process research) and those that are concerned with the effects of treatments (i.e., treatment outcome research). This review covers both areas, emphasizes the former, and considers such key determinants of efficacy as measurement, treatment integrity, and design issues. A set of criteria is given and a meta-analysis of whether studies published since 1993 meet these criteria is reported (incorporating some pragmatic and ethical considerations). The review ends by considering directions that warrant further investigation in the future. Educational objectives: The reader will learn about and be able to describe (1) measurements appropriate for evaluating treatment efficacy studies; (2) how to evaluate reports of stuttering treatment programs; and (3) different designs used in treatment efficacy studies.
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