Abstract
Foodborne illnesses remain a persistent public health threat, with thousands of outbreaks each year caused by contaminated produce, meat, and dairy. The study analyzed food safety risks associated with traditional industrial farming practices, including concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), large-scale produce production, and nationwide processing and distribution networks. Quantitative analysis of outbreak data reveals hot spots of contamination in commodities and the food system. Qualitative research and interviews contextualize the complex contamination pathways and challenges of preventing the spread of pathogens in modern agriculture. The main risks include inappropriate manure use, contaminated irrigation water, undersized buffer zones and inadequate sanitation at processing facilities. Policy improvements related to livestock density, water treatment, and implementation of protection plans may help reduce future threats. Ultimately, enhancing food safety in a way that does not compromise productivity and affordability requires a comprehensive, systems-level approach across the farm, processing facility, and regulatory agency. KEYWORDS: food safety, foodborne illness, industrial agriculture, commodities, contamination, pathogens, policy
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