Ascophyllum nodosum Extract (SealicitTM) Boosts Soybean Yield Through Reduction of Pod Shattering-Related Seed Loss and Enhanced Seed Production.

Mature rapeseed pods typically shatter when harvested, resulting in approximately 8-12% yield loss. Adverse weather conditions and mechanized harvesting can diminish pod yield by up to 50%, primarily owing to delays in harvesting and mechanical collisions. The pod shatter resistance index (PSRI) assesses pod damage. Recent research focused on comparing pod shatter resistance among varieties, evaluating methods, and studying gene knockout mechanisms. However, there remains a pressing need to broaden the scope of research. In particular, it is essential to recognize that pod shatter, a complex trait, influenced by genetics, environment, agronomic practices, and harvest techniques. Future studies should integrate these factors to develop comprehensive strategies to mitigate pod shatter, enhancing rapeseed yields and agricultural mechanization. This review explores factors affecting pod shatter resistance and strategies to improve it. Scoping literature review that adhered to the methodological framework for systematic reviews was performed using search engines such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. This review aimed to identify pertinent articles, which were subsequently subjected to thorough screening and evaluation. The protocol for this literature review involved the following key steps: definition of research questions, development of a search strategy, development of data extraction strategy, synthesis of the extracted data, and organization and analysis of the extracted data. The review presents strategies for enhancing rapeseed yield during mechanized harvesting, focusing on four key areas: (i) selecting and breeding shatter-resistant varieties using DNA markers to establish a robust germplasm resource; (ii) optimizing cultivation technologies and agronomic measures to elicit favorable interactions between compact plant-type genotypes and the environment, thereby facilitating nutrient-related regulatory mechanisms of rapeseed pods to improve pod dry weight and resistance; (iii) innovating combine header design and structure to better suit rapeseed harvesting; and (iv) providing training for operators to enhance their harvesting skills. These comprehensive measures aim to minimize yield loss, increase production efficiency. To effectively reduce yield loss during mechanized harvesting of rapeseed, it is crucial to enhance resistance to pod shattering by addressing both internal physiological factors and external environmental conditions. This requires a holistic approach that includes genetic improvements, optimization of ecological conditions, careful cultivation management, and precise harvesting timing, along with ongoing research into traits related to machine harvesting to boost production efficiency and sustainability.

<p>A yield loss caused by pod shattering is one of the obstacles to the improvement of soybean productivity in tropical areas. The aim of this study was to identify the resistance of soybean genotypes to pod shattering as affected by agronomical and morphological characters. The field study was conducted in Malang, Indonesia, using 150 soybean genotypes. Data were collected on agronomical traits, the percentage of pod shattering, and pod morphological traits. Screening for shattering resistance was done as per oven dry method. Percentage of pod shattering was ranged from 0 % up to 100 % shattering with a mean of 58.11 %. Pod shattering was found to be negatively correlated with a number of pod per plant, the thickness of the pod, and Y/Z (seed weight and pod weight ratio). The screening obtained 66 very highly susceptible genotypes, 19 susceptible genotypes, 19 moderate genotypes, 38 resistant genotypes, and 8 very resistant genotypes. Two of eight very resistant genotypes (G511H/Anj//Anj///Anj////Anj-6-11 and G511H/Anj//Anj///Anj////Anj-5-4) have high yield, medium maturity day and large seed size. Those lines could be used as gene donor for soybean varietal improvement for shattering resistance, and recommended to propose as new improved soybean varieties resistant to pod shattering in Indonesia.</p>

Uncovering key genes associated with protein and oil in soybeans based on transcriptomics and proteomics

Pod shatter susceptibility was investigated in Brassica napus germplasm and shatter resistant species of B. juncea and Sinapis alba. The comparisons were made by measuring seed yield in field plots, detached pod rupture energy (RE) and the half‐life of pod‐opening. Pod shatter resistance was significantly greater in B. napus lines derived from interspecific hybridizations of B. napus with B. rapa, B. carinata and B. juncea, than common B. napus cultivars. While these lines exhibited no significant difference in resistance to pod shatter than B. juncea, an entry of S. alba had no yield loss caused by pod shatter. Resistance to pod shatter was characterized in the field as little or no yield loss after full maturity, delayed shattering in time, and stable yield performance under variable climatic conditions during pod maturity. Yield loss caused by pod shatter ranged from a low of 4% for the B. juncea cv. ‘AC Vulcan’ to a high of 61% for the black seeded B. napus line DH12075 in 2‐year field trials after 1 month maturity. Pod shatter resistance was not significantly associated with specific plant and pod morphological traits, except pod length (P = 0.005) in tested materials. Field visual scores of pod shatter through inspections of average pod shatter per plant within plots were highly correlated with plot yield loss. Indoor quantitative evaluations of pod strength using a pendulum machine to measure pod RE and random impact test to measure half‐life of pod‐opening resistance were highly correlated with field yield loss. Multiple evaluations of pod shatter in method and in time after pod maturity are recommended for reliable evaluation of pod shatter resistance.

Increasing the availability of the improved black soybean cultivars in Indonesia could be done by exploring the black soybean genotypes with high yield and pod shattering resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the pod shattering resistance of black soybeans associated with agronomic traits and to identify the best genotype based on multiple traits. A total of 16 black soybean genotypes was evaluated for their pod shattering resistance and agronomic performances. The field experiment was conducted in Madiun, East Java Province, Indonesia from July to October 2020, with four replications. Pod shattering evaluation used the oven-dry method. The identification of pod shattering using oven drying was effective to classify the shattering resistance of black soybean genotypes into resistant (5 genotypes), moderate (3 genotypes), susceptible (4 genotypes), and highly susceptible (4 genotypes). Seven genotypes yielded above the mean yield with a range of 10.13–12.51 g per plant, and three of them were resistant to pod shattering. Genotype by trait biplot indicated that seed yield per plant was positively correlated with days to maturity, plant height, number of nodes, number of branches, and number of pods. The G7 and G14 showed pod shatter resistance with the highest yield of 12.51 g and 12.07 g, respectively. These identified superior lines could be beneficial to increase black soybean yield productivity in Indonesia.

Abstract. Krisnawati A, Soegianto A, Waluyo B, Kuswanto. 2019. Selection of F6 soybean population for pod shattering resistance. Biodiversitas 20: 3340-3346. Pod shattering is one of the major soybean constraints in Indonesia. This research aimed to evaluate the resistance of soybean F6 population to pod shattering and characterize the selected lines for their agronomic performances. The materials used were 147 F6 lines derived from six crossing combinations. The check varieties consisted of Dega 1, Detap 1, and Anjasmoro. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with two replications. At R8 stage, thirty pods were randomly detached from five sample plants of each line to be used for evaluation of pod shattering resistance using an oven-dry method. The variability of pod shattering was showed after the treatment of 60°C oven temperature. The shattering resistance of 147 F6 lines was classified into 52 highly resistant, 49 resistant, two moderately resistant, ten susceptible, and 34 highly susceptible lines. The pod-shattering resistant lines could be used for further improvement in the breeding program. Anjasmoro variety was effective to be used as gene source for shattering resistant. Simultaneous selection based on yield (30% selection intensity) and shattering resistance selected six lines which have early maturity and large seed size, hence they could be further evaluated in several locations in the next breeding stage.

BackgroundSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a vital oilseed crop known for its high oil content and nutritional benefits, yet its production in Cameroon faces challenges, particularly due to pod shattering during harvest. This study aimed to evaluate the shattering resistance of seven sesame genotypes and analyze their seed retention capabilities.MethodsConducted at the Garoua Multipurpose Research Station, the experimental design was a Fisher blocks design, with seven sesame genotypes as the sample trait, with each genotype replicated three times. Each experimental unit was 1.5 m × 3 m, and plants were sown a dimension of 30 cm between plants and 75 cm between rows, with two plants per stand. The collected data was subjected to a Univariate analysis on SPSS version 26, to determine if temperature of oven drying, number of drying days at ambient temperature and number of field drying days and varieties influenced the shattering susceptibility of capsules. The research utilized three drying methods: oven-dry, ambient, and field drying, assessing pod integrity under varying conditions.ResultsKey findings indicated that variety ‘SN 403’ exhibited the lowest shattering rates, particularly at 30 °C (6.67 ± 8.17%) and, while variety ‘SN 01–06’ showed the highest shattering (96.14 ± 4.00%) at ambient drying after 10 days, followed by variety ‘SN 203’ (90.00 ± 8.94% at 30 °C, 93.38 ± 5.79% at ambient drying). Statistical analysis revealed that as temperatures and drying days increased, the susceptibility to shattering of the different varieties also increased. Additionally, a strong positive correlation (r = 0.645, p < 0.01) between upright and inverted shatter resistance was observed, suggesting that improving one could enhance the other.ConclusionsThis research highlights the need for producers to understand the practices, such as varietal selection and drying methods, to implement to reduce seed losses, which could increase yield stability and economic viability in both traditional and mechanized farming systems.

Yield instability and pod shattering are the major problems associated with soybean production in Nigeria. To study Genotype × Environment interaction effects on seed yield and pod shattering behaviour of some soybean genotypes in Nigeria, an experiment was conducted in three (3) environments within the country. In each environment, the experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. During the harvest, pod shattering evaluation was conducted using the sun-dry method. Data were collected on seed yield and pod shattering percentage and analyzed using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Genotype plus Genotype × Environment Interaction (GGE) bi-plot analyses. Genotypes NCRI SOYAC18, NCRI SOYAC78, NCRI SOYAC9, NCRI SOYAC20, NCRI SOYAC61, NCRI SOYAC22, NCRI SOYAC28 and NCRI SOYAC76, with yields above 1.23 ton/ha recorded high and stable yield across environments. For pod shattering resistance, nine genotypes (NCRI SOYAC3, NCRI SOYAC69, NCRI SOYAC77, NCRI SOYAC29, NCRI SOYAC9, NCRI SOYAC7, NCRI SOYAC67, NCRI SOYAC76 and NCRI SOYAC22) had stable pod shattering resistance across environments. Therefore, only three genotypes (NCRI SOYAC9, NCRI SOYAC22, and NCRI SOYAC76) were stable in both high yield and resistance to pod shattering. Consequently, any soybean breeding programme that involves high yield and pod shattering resistance could consider these three genotypes.

Abstract. Krisnawati A, Adie MM. 2016. Variability on morphological characters associated with pod shattering resistance in soybean. Biodiversitas 17: 73-77. Pod shattering is one of the major constraint associated with soybean production during dry season in Indonesia. The objectives of the study were to investigate varietal difference of pod shattering and to identify the morphological pod characters related to pod shattering. The field study was carried out in Blitar (East Java, Indonesia) during the dry season 2015. Morphological traits of pod were studied for their association with pod shattering trait in 30 soybean genotypes. The results showed significant differences between genotypes for all characters studied. The degree of shattering varied among genotypes with shattering percentage ranging from 2.5% (G511H/Argom//Argom-2-1) to 100% (Grobogan) with mean of 30%.However, among the 30 genotypes studied, 13 genotypes were relatively resistant, 11 genotypes moderate, 1 genotype susceptible, and 5 genotypes were very highly susceptible. Further path coefficient analysis indicated direct effects of the pod wall thickness and pod length on shattering percentage while other causal effects were small. These characters (pod wall thickness and pod length) may play role as determinant factors in pod shattering resistance. Therefore, soybean resistance to pod shattering could be enhanced by increasing thickness of the pod wall. Keywords: Glycine max, pod characteristics, pod shattering, resistance

Consumer demand for soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is not only high yielding variety, but also must be in accordance with industrial preferences, primarily for its shattering resistance. A total of 16 soybean lines were evaluated in Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia from Feb to May 2018. The pod shattering evaluation was using oven-dry method. All tested lines have large seed size, except SAT-Ng-A4. Five lines have early days to maturity (< 80 d). The highest yielding line and large seeded size was SAT-Ng-AG-3 (4.06 t ha-1), but it has medium maturity. Pod shattering evaluation which using a gradient system of temperature showed that oven temperature of 50 °C and 60 °C were able to differentiate the soybean resistance to pod shattering. Three very resistant lines and one resistant line were obtained after exposed to 60 °C. The soybean pods which allowed to dry at room temperature for 9 d and exposed to high temperature (80 °C) showed high variability on shattering resistance. Three resistant lines (SAT-Ng-A4, SAT-Ng-6-13, and SAT-Ng-5-5) were obtained from screening on both oven methods. Those three lines with high yield, large seed size, and medium maturity can be used as parental lines to improve soybean shattering resistance in the breeding program.

Jurnal Biologi Indonesia diterbitkan oleh Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia. Jurnal ini memuat hasil penelitian ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan masalah biologi yang diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun.

Soybeans are a valuable oil crop as an object of transfer and a raw material resource, compared to traditional oilseeds, and can also be used, depending on weather conditions and cultivation techniques, as oil or protein processing. Therefore, to compensate for the lack of soybean oil production, it is necessary to select varieties with high seed yields and high oil content. Given the great variety of soybean varieties that have been included in the state register in recent years, it is important to identifythe soybean varieties with the highest oil yield. The research was conducted on the basis of the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distributionin Ukraine for 2021 and the Official Descriptions of Plant Varieties and Suitability Indicators submitted in the Bulletins "Protection of Plant Variety Rights" in the Information and Reference System "Variety". We analyzed the level of seed yield of precocious (growing season up to 85 days) and early ripening (growing season 86 - 105 days) soybean varieties, oil content in their seeds and calculated the yield of oil with the harvest. Among the precocious group of soybeans, the highest oil content in seeds is found in the varieties Geba - 22.0%, OAC Lakeview - 21.7%, Golubka - 21.6%, and among the early-ripening - diamond varieties - 25.5%, Anthracite - 25.0 %, Medea - 23.5% and Etude - 23.3%. The highest oil yield from the harvestof precocious soybean varieties is provided by Diona - 0.68 t / ha, Arrata - 0.64 t / ha, OAC Lakeview - 0.56 t / ha, and among early-ripening varieties - Relay and Dexterous - 0.83 t / ha, Diamond - 0.81 t /ha. Significant increase in oil yield from early-maturing soybean varieties is provided by increasing their seed yield (correlation coefficient r = 0.981), and early-maturing soybean varieties - by increasing seed yield (correlation coefficient r = 0.952) and increasing oil content in their seeds = 0.591).

The soybean productivity can be increased simultaneously by improving the genetic potential and saving the yield losses due to pod shattering. The research aimed to evaluate the agronomic characters and seed yield of 14 soybean elite lines and two check varieties, and to identify their resistance to pod shattering. The experiment was conducted in two stages, i.e. field, and laboratory research. The field experiment was conducted in Mojokerto (East Java, Indonesia) from February to May 2019, and arranged in a randomized block design using 16 soybean genotypes with four replications. The pod shattering resistance was evaluated using the oven-dry method in the laboratory of ILETRI, Malang. The agronomic characters of days to flowering, days to maturity, 100 seed weight, and seed yield were significantly different among genotypes, meanwhile, the other agronomic characters (plant height, number of nodes, number of branches, number of empty pods, number of filled pods, seed weight per plant) were not significantly different. The range of seed yield of 14 elite lines was 2.76 – 3.14 t/ha, and the check varieties of Anjasmoro and Gema were 2.56 t/ha and 2.76 t/ha, respectively. All elite lines have a large seed size but medium maturity. The shattering evaluation obtained two resistant lines and twelve elite lines as very susceptible to pod shattering. Combination of the characters of high yield (based on the LSI value) and shattering resistance resulted in two elite lines with high yield and shatter-resistant, and eleven high yielding lines but susceptible to pod shattering. Those elite lines could be recommended for varietal development, but with the implication that the high yielded lines and susceptible to shattering need to be harvested immediately after maturity, thus were suggested to be developed in areas with no labor scarcity. On the contrary, it was possible to delay harvest for the resistant elite lines without causing significant yield losses.

Yield losses at maturity due to unsynchronized pod shattering remain a major rapeseed breeding challenge. Variation for shatter resistance in the germplasm collections is inadequate for breeding manipulations. We have recently transferred resistance to pod shattering from Brassica carinata to Brassica napus. Introgression lines (ILs) were phenotyped for shatter resistance using the pendulum machine. Introgressive breeding was successful in enhancing rupture energy in the ILs, which varied from 1.8 to 7.2 mJ for E1 and 2.7 to 6.5 mJ for E2 while the corresponding values for natural B. napus ranged from 2.2 - 3.5 mJ (E1) and 2.2 - 4.3 mJ (E2) respectively. B. carinata had an average rupture energy of 6.3 mJ (pooled over environments). On the basis of data averaged over two environments, I2 (6.3 mJ), I3 (5.2 mJ), I8 (5.6 mJ), I22 (5.1 mJ), I32 (5.2 mJ) and I41 (5.2 mJ) appeared very promising as germplasm resources for future breeding. Significant marker trait association between candidate gene NAC and rupture energy explained 19% of variation for the trait. NDEH 3 also appeared to be associated with rupture energy under E1. These polymorphisms represent promising candidates for the development of molecular markers for marker-assisted deployment of introgressed shatter resistance.

Seed loss resulting from pod shattering is a major constraint in production of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pod shatter resistance are not well understood. Here, we show that the pod shatter resistance at quantitative trait locus qSRI.A9.1 is controlled by one of the B. napus SHATTERPROOF1 homologs, BnSHP1.A9, in a doubled haploid population generated from parents designated R1 and R2 as well as in a diverse panel of oilseed rape. The R1 maternal parental line of the doubled haploid population carried the allele for shattering at qSRI.A9.1, while the R2 parental line carried the allele for shattering resistance. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that BnSHP1.A9 was expressed specifically in flower buds, flowers, and developing siliques in R1, while it was not expressed in any tissue of R2. Transgenic plants constitutively expressing either of the BnSHP1.A9 alleles from the R1 and R2 parental lines showed that both alleles are responsible for pod shattering, via a mechanism that promotes lignification of the enb layer. These findings indicated that the allelic differences in the BnSHP1.A9 gene per se are not the causal factor for quantitative variation in shattering resistance at qSRI.A9.1. Instead, a highly methylated copia-like long terminal repeat retrotransposon insertion (4803 bp) in the promotor region of the R2 allele of BnSHP1.A9 repressed the expression of BnSHP1.A9, and thus contributed to pod shatter resistance. Finally, we showed a copia-like retrotransposon-based marker, BnSHP1.A9R2, can be used for marker-assisted breeding targeting the pod shatter resistance trait in oilseed rape.