Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Dujardinascaris

Bowie gen. nov., a diverse lineage of ground-dwelling spiders occurring from the Himalayas to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia (Araneae: Ctenidae: Cteninae).

The genus Hansenium is revised and a new diagnosis presented. A neotype is designated for the type species Hansenium hanseni (Müller, 1991), and the genus is restricted to the type species and Hansenium remocarpus Kensley and Schotte, 2002. Machatrium gen. nov. and the following species are described: Machatrium falcensis sp. nov. (type species), Machatrium thungku sp. nov. from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef; Machatrium wongat sp. nov. from Madang, Papua New Guinea, Machatrium tropex (Bolstad and Kensley, 1999), comb. nov. also from Madang, Papua New Guinea; a further five species are transferred from Hansenium to Machatrium gen. nov. The remaining species of Hansenium are retained as incertae sedis in their existing combination (11 species), reallocated to other genera (1 species) or regarded as species inquirenda (3 species). The principal differentiating characters of Hansenium, Machatrium gen. nov. and Stene triumn Haswell, 1881, are the pseudorostrum being short and trapezoid or long and anteriorly narrowed, morphology of the male pereopod 1, notably the shape of the propodus inferior margin, presence or absence of a process on the inferodistal margin of the merus and carpus; and the apex of the appendix masculina being acute or blunt, with or without a concavity and with or without terminal setae.

A review of the spider family Nicodamidae reveals two subfamilies, Nicodaminae and Megadictyninae, with 29 species. The Nicodaminae contains Nicodamus Simon and six new genera, Ambicodamus, Dimidamus, Durodamus, Litodamus, Novodamus and Oncodamus, from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Nicodamus is restricted to N. peregrinus (Walckenaer) and N. mainae, sp. nov.; N. peregrinus is treated as a senior synonym of Theridium semiflavum L. Koch, Centropelma bicolor L. Koch and Ozaleus tarandus Thorell. Ozaleus Thorell is confirmed as a junior synonym of Nicodamus by designation of a lectotype for the type species, 0. tarandus. Durodamus contains one species: D. yeni, sp. nov. (type species). Ambicodamus contains 11 species: A. marae, sp. nov. (type species), A. audax, sp. nov., A. crinitus (L. Koch), comb. nov., A. dale, sp. nov., A. darlingtoni, sp. nov., A. emu, sp. nov., A. kochi, sp. nov., A. leei, sp. nov., A. sororius, sp. nov., A. southwelli, sp. nov. and A. urbanus, sp. nov. Litodamus contains three species: L. hickmani, sp. nov. (type species), L. olga sp. nov. and L. collinus, sp. nov. Dimidamus contains six species: D. dimidiatus (Simon), comb. nov. (type species), D. simoni, sp. nov., D. leopoldi (Roewer), comb. nov., D. arau, sp. nov., D. sero, sp. nov. and D. enaro, sp. nov. Novodamus contains two species: N. nodatus (Karsch), comb. nov. (type species) and N. supernus, sp. nov.; Linyphia meianozantha Urquhart is treated as a junior synonym of N. nodatus. Oncodamus contains two species: 0. bidens (Karsch), comb. nov. (type species) and 0. decipiens, sp. nov. The Megadictyninae, stat. nov., contains two genera from New Zealand, Megadictyna Dahl with M. thilenii Dahl and Forstertyna, gen. nov. with F. marplesi (Forster), comb. nov. Cladistic analysis confirms the division of the family into two subfamilies, and recognises several subgroups within the Nicodaminae: Nicodamus + Durodamus, Ambicodamus + Litodamus, and Novodamus + Oncodamus.

When examining material of Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872 four new genera were identified as new to science, all belonging to the subfamily Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873. Three new genera from Malaysia and Brunei, and one new genus from Papua New Guinea are described in this paper: Borniella gen. nov. with its type species Borniella parva spec. nov. from Malaysia: Sarawak and Brunei (male, female); Menarik gen. nov. with its type species Menarik kecil spec. nov. from Malaysia: Sarawak (male, female); Micropoda gen. nov. with its type species Micropoda daviesae spec. nov. from Papua New Guinea: New Britain (male, female); Tiomaniella gen. nov. with its type species Tiomaniella ladam spec. nov. from Malaysia: Tioman Island (male, female). All are diagnosed by their copulatory organs, which partly exhibit extraordinary character states. Most females of Menarik kecil spec. nov. exhibited scars at their epigynes that might be connected to the special apophyses in the male palp.

The key includes eight genera known to occur in Australia and Papua New Guinea. These are Ctenarytaina Ferris & Klyver (type genus), Syncarpiolyma Froggatt, Eriopsylla Froggatt, Blastopsylla Taylor, Anoeconeossa Taylor, Leptospermonastes Taylor, and two new genera, Agelaeopsylla and Cryptoneossa. Keys to the species in Agelaeopsylh, Cryptoneossa and Leptospermonastes are given. Agelaeopsylla contains five new species, A. dividua (type species), A. maculatae, A. corymbiae, A. papuanae (which also occurs in Papua New Guinea), and A. insolita. They feed mainly on Angophora and two 'subgenera' of Eucalyptus (Corymbia and Blakella). The hosts of Cryptoneossa, which contains five new species, C. vulgaris (type species), C. occidentalis, C. triangula, C. minuta, and C. leptospermi, are mainly in the 'subgenera' Monocalyptus and Corymbia of Eucalyptus; some are found on Symphyomyrtus and smaller subgenera, one on Angophora, and one on Leptospermum. Two new species of Leptospermonastes are described; L. maculosipennis and L. fasciata were both collected from Melaleuca spp., a new host for this genus. Eriopsylla and its type species, E. viridis, are redescribed, with one new species, E. malleensis.

The Oriental and Australasian species of Acmopolynema Ogloblin (Mymaridae) are reviewed; a key to 19 species with known females is given. The genus Baburia Hedquist is synonymized under Acmopolynema and its type species is transferred to Acmopolynema as A. narendrani (Hedquist) comb. n. Ten new species of Acmopolynema are described: A. capeyorki sp. n. (Australia), A. dilemma sp. n. (China), A. garemma sp. n. (Indonesia), A. isaura sp. n. (Indonesia), A. lurindu sp. n. (Nepal), A. neznakomka sp. n. (Papua New Guinea), A. nupta sp. n. (Nepal), A. orchidea sp. n. (Taiwan), A. problema sp. n. (India), and A. shinbana sp. n. (Malaysia). The following new synonymies are proposed: A. maculata Subba Rao and A. nixoni Subba Rao under A. orientale (Narayanan, Subba Rao & Kaur), A. reticoxilla Xu & Lin under A. longicoxillum Xu & Lin, A. himalum Hayat & Anis under A. indochinense (Soyka), and Baburia fasciata Hedquist under A. tachikawai Taguchi. The genera Chaetomymar Ogloblin and Acanthomymar Subba Rao are synonymized under Palaeoneura Waterhouse, which is redescribed along with its type species, P. interrupta Waterhouse (Australia). Ten species of Chaetomymar, 32 Australian species described originally in Polynema Haliday, Polynema nigrum (Subba Rao) (type species of Acanthomymar), and Acmopolynema unimaculatum Hayat & Anis are transferred to Palaeoneura as new combinations. Polynema ara Girault (= P. blackbourni Girault, syn. n. and P. helena Girault, syn. n.) is transferred to Richteria Girault; P. elatum Girault, P. glabricorpus Girault, P. grotiusi Girault, P. lodgei Girault and P. wallacei Girault are transferred to Agalmopolynema Ogloblin, all comb. n. from Polynema. One new genus and one new subgenus are described: Boccacciomymar gen. n., with type species Palaeoneura turneri Waterhouse (Australia) and Prosto, subgen. n. of Boccacciomymar, with type species Polynema victoria Girault (Australia). Polynema schumanni Girault and P. quadripetiolatum Girault are synonymized under Boccacciomymar (B.) turneri (Waterhouse), comb. n. from Palaeoneura. Palaeoneura evanescens Waterhouse is transferred to Boccacciomymar as B. (B.) evanescens (Waterhouse), comb. n.; Polynema aligherini Girault and P. victoria are transferred to Boccacciomymar (Prosto) as, respectively, B. (P.) aligherini (Girault), comb. n. and B. (P.) victoria (Girault), comb. n. Two new species of Boccacciomymar (Boccacciomymar) and four new species of B. (Prosto) are described: B. (B.) conquistador sp. n. (Australia), B. (B.) decameron sp. n. (Australia), B. (P.) maria sp. n. (Australia), B. (P.) nigugu sp. n. (Australia), B. (P.) pobeda sp. n. (New Zealand), and B. (P.) tak sp. n. (New Zealand). A key to the Australian Polynema-group genera of Mymaridae is provided. The Neotropical genus Xenopolynema Ogloblin, stat. rev., with type species X. areolatum Ogloblin stat. rev., is removed from previous synonymy under Polynema, reinstated as a valid genus, and re-diagnosed based on the type specimens from Argentina and new material from Chile; its relationships with Boccacciomymar are discussed.

Trichinella papuae in Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) of Papua New Guinea

The subfamily Argiolestinae is raised to family level to include all zygopteran genera in which the gills of the larvae are flat and held in a horizontal plane. A diagnosis of the family is given and characters for both adults and larvae are presented. The family is divided into two subfamilies based on characters in the genital ligula, with the subfamily Argiolestinae found in Australasia east of Huxley's Line and the subfamily Podolestinae found in Africa and Asia west of Huxley's Line. Four genera are newly described: Eoargiolestes (New Caledonia, type species Sympecma ochracea Montrouzier, 1864), Luzonargiolestes (Philippines, type species Argiolestes realensis Gapud & Recuenco, 1993), Solomonargiolestes (Bougainville, Papua New Guinea and Malaita, Solomon Islands, type species Argiolestes bougainville Kalkman, 2008) and Pyrrhargiolestes (Papua New Guinea, type species Argiolestes sidonia Martin, 1909). In addition Metagrion (type species Argiolestes postnodalis Selys, 1878) and Wahnesia (type species...

The monotypic Papua New Guinea genus Cheronella Miller is reexamined. The diagnostic characters of the genus are modified and its little known type species, Cheronella stuberi Miller, 1955, is redescribed. The characters of male genitalia are reported for the first time. The dorsal habitus, head, male genitalia, and other diagnostic morphological features are illustrated.

The genus Sebekia Sambon, 1922 (Pentastomida), parasitic in crocodilians, is reviewed. Five previously described species are recognised: S. divestei Giglioli in Sambon, 1922 from Crocodylus acutus, S. cesarisi Giglioli, 1922 in Sambon, 1922 from an undetermined African crocodile, S. wedli Giglioli in Sambon, 1922 from Crocodylus niloticus, S. microhamus Self & Rego, 1985 from Caiman sclerops and S. mississippiensis Overstreet, Self & Vliet, 1985 from Alligator mississippiensis. The type description of S. oxycephala (Diesing, 1835) Sambon, 1922 from Brazilian C. sclerops and Central American C. acutus is perfunctory and details of hook morphology are omitted. Sambon (1922) incorporated this species into the genus without seeing type specimens. Several authors since have described South American material under the binomial S. oxycephala, but it is apparent that more that one species is involved. We describe a related species, S. trinitatis n. sp., from C. sclerops in Trinidad and note that hook morphology in species from South American hosts may be different in several respects from that in species from hosts elsewhere. S. acuminata Travassos, 1924 and S. samboni Travassos, 1924 from an unnamed crocodile in Brazil, and S. jubini (Vaney & Sambon, 1910) Sambon, 1922 from the nasal cavity of Crocodylus siamensis are considered species inquirendae. Four new species are described from crocodilians in the Australasian Region: S. johnstoni n. sp. and S. multiannulata n. sp. from wild and farmed Crocodylus johnstoni and C. porosus in Australia, S. purdieae n. sp. from wild and farmed C. porosus in Australia and S. novaeguineae n. sp. from wild and farmed C. novaeguineae in Papua New Guinea. Alofia Sambon, 1922 is recognised as a genus distinct from but closely related to Sebekia.

Troporhysipolis gen. nov. with four included species is described and illustrated. The type species, Clinocentrus antefurcalis Granger, 1949, is Afrotropical with unknown biology. We additionally recognise three new species from eastern lowland of Papua New Guinea, T. brenthiaphagus sp. nov., T. markshawi sp. nov. and T. molecularis sp. nov., all three of which were reared from leaf-rolling larvae of the family Choreutidae (Lepidoptera). The genus can be distinguished by the combination of fore wing vein cu-a (nervulus) being antefurcal and the second subdiscal (brachial) cell subparallel-sided, widened and formed of mainly thickened veins. The new genus is tentatively placed in the Rhysipolinae based on the arrangement of the occipital and hypostomal carinae, and partly on molecular phylogenetic analysis using the barcoding cytochrome oxidase 1 gene fragment and the D2 variable region of nuclear 28S rDNA. T. molecularis sp. nov. hardly differs from T. brenthiaphagus sp. nov. morphologically and is distinguished primarily based on its barcoding sequence data.

A new genus, Neopectinimura Park, of the subfamily Lecithocerinae (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea, Lecithoceridae) is described, based on the type species, Neopectinimura beckeri Park & Byun, sp. nov, from Papua New Guinea. Four additional new species for the new genus, N. calligina Park & Byun, N. madangensis Park & Byun, N. setiola Park & Byun and N. morobeensis Park & Byun are described. The genus is separable from its allied genus Pectinimura Park by the short and rounded forewing, with R5 absent, the unique character of antennae with long hairs, and often with an extremely long third segment of the labial palpus. A key to the 5 species of the genus is given. Illustrations of adults, wing venations, and the male genitalia are provided.

The mirid tribe Saturniomirini is redescribed, based on material from Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. One new genus and ten new species of Saturniomirini are described: Kallosmiris gen. n., Kallosmiris avena sp. n. , Kallosmiris geminus sp. n., Kallosmiris solis sp. n., Cheesmaniella australiensis sp. n., Garainamiris ganymedis sp. n., Trilaccus forrestae sp. n., Trilaccus luteoscutellatus sp. n., Trilaccus mica sp. n., Trilaccus mimeticus sp. n. and Trilaccus stewartensis sp. n., Cheesmaniella (Cheesmaniella australiensis sp. n.) and Garainamiris (Garainamiris ganymedis sp. n.) are recorded from Australia for the first time. All existing Saturniomirini genera, including their type species and previously described species are redescribed as follows: Cheesmaniella Carvalho, 1984, Garainamiris Carvalho, 1981, Imogen Kirkaldy, 1905, Saturniomiris Kirkaldy, 1902, Synthlipsis Kirkaldy, 1908 and Trilaccus Horváth, 1902. Four previously described species (Garainamiris antennatus Carvalho, 1981, Synthlipsis ternatensis (Distant, 1904), Trilaccus marginatus (Distant, 1904) and Trilaccus perversus (Reuter, 1905)) were not examined directly but photographs of types were available for observation. A dichotomous key to Saturniomirini taxa, colour habitus photographs, scanning electron micrographs, illustrations of male genitalia and distribution maps are provided. A phylogenetic analysis of morphological data was conducted, resulting in the Saturniomirini and all included genera recovered as monophyletic taxa.

Onychatrium gen. nov. is described, with five included species: Onychatrium forceps sp. nov., the type species and Onychatrium torosus sp. nov., both from the Great Barrier Reef; Onychatrium entale (Nordenstam, 1946) comb. nov., from Tapateuen (= Tabiteue Island), Gilbert Islands; Onychatrium thomasi (Bolstad & Kensley, 1999) comb. nov., from Madang, Papua New Guinea; and Onychatrium echiurum (Nobili, 1906) comb. nov., and species inquirenda from the Tumaotu Islands, Eastern French Polynesia. The primary distinguishing characters for Onychatrium gen. nov. are a trapezoid pseudosrostrum, the male pereopod 1 with elongate dactylus (4.7-7.3 as long as proximal width), propodus with strongly produced and acute lobe, carpus with a distally acute, flat, ventrally directed process (except O. torosus sp. nov., which has a short and truncate process) and the merus with a distally directed inferodistal lobe. The genus is known only from the southern Pacific, from the Tuamotus (eastern French Polynesia) to the Great Barrier Reef and northern Papua New Guinea.

The new Caenidae genus Liebenauis (Type species L. tenuipes) is described from larval material collected in Sumatra and attributed to the subfamily Caeninae. It is closely related to the tribe Caenini and defined by long and very thin legs and modified, finger- or pine needle-shaped chloride cells on the ventral side of the operculate gill. Such types of chloride cells are not known in any other Caeninae. Two new species of Caenis from Papua New Guinea are also described.