Abstract
Modern Yugoslavia, at first called the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, came into being in 1918 and was confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles the following year. The country embraced polyglot groups of Balkan ethnic peoples, some traditional enemies of each other, some of whom had lived under Austro-Hungarian rule or administration, while the Kingdom of the Serbs had been a ‘gallant ally’ of the winners of the First World War. The new kingdom was pre-dominantly Serbian, Serbs forming the largest single ethnic group. Already in place were a Serbian monarchy, a Serbian army and a Serbian administrative service. Austro-Hungarian ‘Dual Monarchy’ regiments had been disbanded, and any regular officers or soldiers who had served in them and wished to remain in the armed forces were allowed to enter the expanding Serbian military structure. Local non-Serbian administrators and their staffs were given a similar choice.
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