Abstract
Modern artificial reef projects are taking novel approaches to fishery habitat construction. Development of these reefs may involve the use of obsolete oil platforms, concrete blocks mixed with municipal incinerator ash, or even automobile tires. Because modern reef designs make use of materials heavily regulated by ocean dumping agreements and statutes, concern arises as to the effects of these reefs on the marine environment. The United States and the international community have promulgated regulatory measures designed to prevent the abuse of artificial reef placement. The regulations are intended to ensure that fishery habitat enhancement will not be used as a pretext for disguised ocean dumping. The international agreements and accepted principles of international law, however, provide only discretionary protection. Guidance over artificial reefs in U.S. waters consists of international standards and domestic statutes in conjunction with often inconsistent agency actions, thereby creating an increase...
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