Abstract
The presence of cacodylic acid (dimethylarsinic acid, DMA) can be an important factor in limiting the abilities of young tree seedlings to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. For this reason, the aim of the study was to estimate the influence of different DMA additions (from 0.01 to 0.6 mM) to modified Knop solution to arsenic (As) and selected forms of this metalloid (As(III), As(V), DMA) phytoextraction by two-year-old Acer platanoides L. and Tilia cordata Miller seedlings. Additionally, the biomass and other elements important in As transport in plants were analyzed. Seedlings of both tree species were able to grow in all experimental systems except the one with the highest DMA concentration (0.6 mM). Exposure of tree seedlings was related to a general decrease in plant biomass. Phytoextraction of As in roots, stems, and leaves increased with a rise of DMA concentration in solution to the highest content of As in A. platanoides and T. cordata roots growing under 0.3 mM (135 ± 13 and 116 ± 14 mg kg−1 dry weight). Arsenic was accumulated mainly in roots, thereby confirming bioconcentration factor values BCF > 1 for all tree seedlings treated with DMA. Exposure of plants to low DMA concentrations (0.01 and 0.03 mM) was related to the transport of this element to aboveground parts, while increased DMA concentration in other experimental systems led to the limitation of As transport to stems, as confirmed by translocation factor values TF < 1. Changes in many other elements such as boron, silicon, phosphorus, or sulfur concentration indicated the possible influence of DMA on the transport of As from roots to leaves. The obtained results show that DMA can be an important factor in modulating As phytoextraction in the studied tree species.
Highlights
The chemistry of arsenic (As) in the environment is complex due to the many different chemical forms of this metalloid that occur (Geiszinger et al 2002; Upadhyay et al 2018)
In accordance with DMA concentration increase in subsequent Knop solutions, lower increases of plant biomass than those of the control were observed for both tree species
These results have shown that the addition of DMA had a negative influence on A. platanoides leaves, while exposure of T. cordata to DMA was related to insignificant stem biomass stimulation
Summary
The chemistry of arsenic (As) in the environment is complex due to the many different chemical forms of this metalloid that occur (Geiszinger et al 2002; Upadhyay et al 2018). Environ Sci Pollut Res (2019) 26:6877–6889 forms of As are treated as more harmful than organic forms to living organisms It is worth underlining, that some researchers have found organic As to be more toxic compared to inorganic forms (Mandal and Suzuki 2002; Yamanaka et al 2004; Yoon et al 2015). U. laevis and A. platanoides seedlings were not able to survive under DMA, while in the case of inorganic forms, the growth of trees was not disturbed. For this reason, to expand our knowledge of the role of DMA in the soil, the influence of this As form on plant survivability as well as on the phytoextraction of other As forms or other elements, it is necessary to examine the unique toxic properties of DMA
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