Arquitectura y organización interna del hueso ante la aplicación de diferentes estímulos mecánicos

Abstract

Objectives Due to the lack of a clear guideline for the prescription of exercise to prevent or reduce the effects of osteoporosis, this work has aimed to make non-systematic bibliographic review on the studies of last the ten years that relate the behavior of the bone with the application of mechanical stimuli. We want to differentiate the types of exercise used most frequently and to verify if the effects are produced on the zones of greatest impact in the osteoporosis. Material and method General monographs on bone biology, histology and anatomy were consulted. The search for scientific articles was made through MEDLINE database and EBSCO HOST digital platform. The limits applied to the search were: articles in English or Spanish published between 1997 and 2006, with summary and conducted in human populations. Results Few references were found on bone microarchitecture, however they contributed important data. Most of the articles applied programs of specific exercises aimed at increasing osteogenesis and provided bone mineral density (BMO) as a factor of measurement of osteoporosis. Aerobic exercises (resistance, force) and high-impact exercise (jumps) are the most used. Aerobic exercises seem to be more successful on the lumbar column and those of high impact could act more specifically on the femoral neck. When the training is discontinued, the accumulated effects of the exercise begin to disappear. Conclusions More works are necessary on humans that relate the internal structure of the bone and the application of mechanical stimuli. The methods of predicting osteoporosis based on the analysis of bone trabeculae may have important clinical implications. Awareness from school as primary prevention appears to be an option that may provide good results and is easy to apply. The exercises must be personalized and the practice adapted to those who participate in the programs are necessary to obtain a quality action and it is also necessary to promote healthy habits that are continuous over time.