Abstract
The purpose was to examine whether sleep hygiene practices are associated with the course of insomnia (incidence, persistence and remission) over 1 year in the general population. This longitudinal study was carried out in the general population. After excluding anyone with other primary sleep disorder than insomnia, 1638 participants returned a baseline and a 1-year follow-up survey. Questions regarding sleep hygiene practices were administered at baseline, and the status of insomnia was assessed at baseline (T1) and at the 1-year follow-up (T2). Age, gender, mental ill-health, and pain were used as covariates in the analyses. Nicotine use, mental ill-health and pain were independently associated with an increased risk for concurrent insomnia at T1, while mental ill-health was the only risk factor for incident insomnia at T2. Relative to not reporting insomnia at the two time-points, nicotine use, light or noise disturbance, mental ill-health, and pain significantly increased the risk for persistent insomnia over 1 year. In comparison with those whose insomnia had remitted at the follow-up, reporting an irregular sleep schedule was a significant risk factor for persistent insomnia. Of the nine sleep hygiene practices examined in this study, only three were independently linked to concurrent and future insomnia, respectively; using nicotine late in the evening, light or noise disturbance, and having an irregular sleep schedule. This may have implications for the conceptualization and management of insomnia as well as for future research.
Highlights
Insomnia is a chronic condition that involves difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Questions regarding sleep hygiene practices were administered at baseline, and the status of insomnia was assessed at baseline (T1) and at the 1-year follow-up (T2)
The full model was significant and explained 17% of the variance in persistent insomnia status. The aim of this investigation was to explore whether sleep hygiene practices are associated with the course of insomnia over 1 year in the general population while controlling for demographic parameters, mental ill-health, Table 2 Sleep hygiene practices at baseline and insomnia at baseline: descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis
Summary
Insomnia is a chronic condition that involves difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Scheduling is a sleep hygiene practice that is associated with the risk of future insomnia severity Though this investigation was unique by using a prospective design, there are several methodological caveats that hamper the conclusions. The current prospective investigation is an attempt to advance from some of the methodological shortcomings of previous studies and to examine the link between sleep hygiene behaviors and insomnia using a representative sample from the general population, assessing and excluding other primary sleep disorders, using well-established risk factors as covariates in the analyses and pinpointing the association between sleep hygiene practices and future insomnia in a detailed manner. The purpose was to investigate whether sleep hygiene practices were related to insomnia at baseline, to the incidence of insomnia, and to the persistence and remission of insomnia over time
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