Abstract
ObjectiveInformal education based on public facilities, such as museums and memorials, is an important propaganda practice in authoritarian countries. However, the empirical research on this area is underdeveloped and relies on small and potentially biased samples.MethodThis study collects unique spatial opinion data of over 300 such informal education facilities in China merged with original survey data and conducts a systematic evaluation of this form of propaganda.ResultThe statistical results challenge the conventional expectation that more exposure to the informal education facilities would improve the citizens' support of and obedience to the government.ConclusionThe findings reveal a backfire effect of informal education facilities in that more exposure to them reduces both citizens' political support and obedience.
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