Architecture of presidential centers: design model

Changes in temple labor investment and sacrificial offerings indicate that the rise in religious authority of the Hawaiian chiefly hierarchy correlates with an increase in political centralization and the intensifying role of the chief as divine intermediary through time. Initially, temples were small public courts akin to traditional Polynesian shrines used to reaffirm genealogical ties. During a period of internecine warfare and political instability and conflict in the I5th century A.D., temples became extremely large, a practical symbol of the burgeoning power of elites as they used ritual labor obligations to reaffirm chiefly genealogical relationships and enhance class cooperation. After island unification in the i6th century, chiefly religious activity shifted to sacrificial ceremonies and the consumption of surplus goods and foodstuffs as a result of status competition. By the time of European contact in the igth century, divinely sanctified rituals associated with war and levying taxes were instituted to enhance the status and power of the paramount chief through personal displays of material wealth. The Hawaiian case appears to follow a common trajectory among complex societies, where religious authority is increasingly expressed through the political economy, and serves as a contextual model of a complex chiefdom undergoing rapid political stratification.

The article presents the features and results of research work on the basis of the materials and documents provided, analysis of customer’s design features, a collegial survey of car damage, analysis of international experience in relevant research, formalized the nature of operational damage to load-bearing systems of freight cars using the thermos car model TN-4-201 construction of the plant "Dessau" Germany. Currently, in Ukraine and CIS countries, volumes of transportation of perishable foodstuffs for artificial, packaged and packaged goods have increased. Terms of transportation of these cargoes require the formation of a fleet of isothermal cars. For the creation and delivery of this type of carriages on the railways of Ukraine and other CIS countries, their development, production and testing are carried out. In this regard, it was proposed to carry out a research work on the definition of recommendations for counteracting operational damage to the load-bearing systems of freight cars on the example of the car-thermos model TN-4-201 construction of the Dessau plant in Germany. It is envisaged to work out concrete proposals for improving the load-bearing systems of freight cars. &nbsp

In recent decades, there has been an active construction of new buildings in Kazakhstan. The objects being built have a different play of volumes and shapes. Development activity dictates modern trends in the field of architectural and planning solutions of buildings. But not all trends are positive. The purpose of the article is to analyze the risks of the trend of triviality in modern architecture of Kazakhstan, in particular the trend of simplification of spatial solutions of buildings, as well as the influence of the developer on the development of triviality of architecture in general. In addition to the above, the study reflects the conditions and factors influencing the emergence of simple block forms in the volume of the structure of modern architecture in Kazakhstan. The study is based on the analysis of the emergence of triviality in the architecture of the USSR in the middle of the twentieth century, on a full-scale study of the modern architecture of residential buildings in Astana and modeling the formation of a three-dimensional solution of residential complexes. The results show that the process of triviality in the architecture of buildings is caused by the following factors: development activities, aggressive marketing and economic conditions.

In order to assess the capabilities of the soybean production industry as one of the factors in the development of the Russian economy, the article provides an overview of global trends and forecasts of the dynamics of supply and demand in the market for soybeans and products from it. The universality and multifunctionality of this group of products is noted, which, together with their useful consumer properties, gives grounds for directing efforts to further develop this segment of the Russian economy. At the same time, the features of the distribution and functioning of the Russian soybean market are highlighted. In addition, the article analyzes the retrospective dynamics of the production of this product in the post-Soviet countries - 15 states of the ex-members of the Soviet Union. Based on the results of the application of a set of statistical methods, a comparison was made of the nature of the development of soybean production in the two leading states among the CIS countries - Russia and Ukraine. The study made it possible to draw the following conclusions: the world soybean market is a steadily developing system, in which the leading positions in production are occupied by the United States, Brazil and Argentina, and in terms of consumption, by China. The share of Russia in world production today is only 1%, while in the post-Soviet space, Russia and Ukraine occupy leading positions as exporters. Pressure from global producers and rising prices for soybeans leads to a significant increase in domestic production in the Russian economy. The field of practical application of the research results is to use some of the findings to conduct a further in-depth study of the prospects for growing soybeans, taking into account the climatic characteristics of the post-Soviet countries, as well as to assess the possibility of Russia entering the world soybean market

Human trafficking is a contemporary slavery, a shameful phenomenon for modern civilization that involves many countries as well as organized criminal groups. From European point of view, Russia is important as a country of origin and as a transit country. Asian migrants, women from China, Vietnam, former Soviet republics like Ukraine, Moldova and Central Asian republics are trafficked to Europe through Russia. Russian women and children are trafficked to very wide geographical areas in the world, mostly to Belgium, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, United States, Turkey, Greece, Arab Emirates, Israel, Egypt, China, Korea and Japan. The reasons of trafficking in Russia are relatively transparent state borders between Russia and CIS countries, increase in migration outside and inside Russia, low standards of life in comparison with western countries, existence of the stable channels of “deliveries” in Western countries, internal human trafficking within Russia, criminal business from CIS countries, including use of forced labor, globalization of the organized crime. Traffickers operate in small groups. Russian criminal syndicates like “Solnsevskoye”, “Izmailovskoye”, “Domodedovskoye”, “Podolskoye” are involved in human trafficking as buyers of victims. It is recommended to widen the education of potential victims, tighten control over travel, dating, model and job agencies, improve social conditions of potential victims, strengthen family institution, and increase international cooperation with anti-trafficking bodies of other countries. Two significant tasks should also be done: reduce the demand in destination countries and improve social conditions in Russia.

The paper is devoted to one of the trends of development of archiving in Azerbaijan in the second half of the 1990s-2010s, international cooperation in the archival field. It is to study the activities of Azerbaijani archivists aimed at interacting with international archival community, including determining the role and place of inter-archival dialogue within the framework of participation of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the cultural cooperation with Russia and other CIS countries. The National Archival Fund (NAF) of Azerbaijan is an extensive collection of documents of high scientific, historical, and cultural significance. The authors emphasize that presence in the NAF of Azerbaijan of a large number of documents in Russian and languages of the peoples of Central Asia and the Caucasus expands prospects of participation of the Azerbaijani archives in international research and in educational projects in the post-Soviet space. The study notes importance of Internet publication of documents from the non-state part of the NAF of Azerbaijan (private collections, family archives, etc.), as they become a part of the cultural dialogue of online communities in post-Soviet countries. In 2002, the Decree of the first President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev “On the improvement of archiving in the Republic of Azerbaijan” included search, digitization, and publication of archival materials as sources on the national history formation in the priorities of the work of archives of Azerbaijan. The authors focus on the most significant publications of documents from the State Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the State Historical Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, propagating archival heritage of Azerbaijan in the scientific information space of Eurasia. Programs for identifying and copying written sources on the history of Azerbaijan, stored in the archives of Russia and other post-Soviet states, countries of the Middle East, the European Union, and the United States, take a significant place in the scientific and cultural policy of modern Azerbaijan. The article characterizes achievements of the Institute of Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Azerbaijan in the field of archival heuristics abroad. It concludes that there is significant potential for development of international relations of Azerbaijani archival institutions, including expansion of cooperation between Azerbaijani archivists and their colleagues in Russia and the CIS countries.

Introduction. The article provides an analysis of the state of crime in the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2023. The analysis is based on statistical data on the state of crime in the Commonwealth over the past five years.After Russia launched a special military operation in 2022 to denazify and demilitarize Ukraine, a situation is developing in the world in which the countries of the collective West are trying to damage our country through economic sanctions, as well as actually waging a proxy war against Russia. Unfriendly countries, led by the United States, are trying to use the member states of the Commonwealth as a tool in the fight against Russia, through unequal cooperation to introduce differences in the CIS, and use information security technologies for their own purposes.To determine the degree of influence of current world events on the criminal situation in the post-Soviet space, an analysis of the state of crime in the CIS countries was carried out.The given statistical data on crime in the Commonwealth countries demonstrate the dynamics of the criminal situation in the countries under consideration, depending primarily on internal criminogenic factors. Such factors exist and develop under the influence of criminal elements and the existing criminal environment.The analysis of the dynamics of the criminal situation for 2019-2023 was aimed at determining the trends of its development in the light of the impact of external and internal processes that have arisen in recent years, to identify the causes affecting the dynamics of certain types of crime and to make a forecast of the possible development of the criminal situation for the next 1-2 years.To predict the dynamics of the criminal situation in the CIS countries, the expotential smoothing method was used, which is illustrated by the graphs given in the article.Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the conclusions and achievements of criminology, scientific research on crime as a social phenomenon. The reasons and events influencing the dynamics of crime are taken into account. General scientific and private scientific research methods (synthesis, deduction, analysis, generalization, observation, etc.) were used in the work. The methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach, comparative and problem-based approaches.The results of the study. As a result of the analysis of the criminal situation at the transport facilities of the Russian Federation, it was found that, starting in 2020, new factors influenced the quantitative indicators of crime in transport. The introduction of restrictive measures related to the spread of coronavirus infection, their subsequent cancellation, the beginning of the geopolitical crisis in the world, provoked by the imposition of sanctions by Western countries against Russia, restrictions on international communications. closure of airports, borders, etc. they affected the directions of preventive activities of the internal affairs bodies in transport. The conclusions and forecasts made in the article determine the trends in the development of the criminal situation in transport in 2023 and allow us to determine the most important vectors of the direction of preventive activities of internal affairs bodies.Discussion and conclusion. The article identifies and substantiates the priority areas of activity of the internal affairs bodies of Russia in transport for the most effective organization of preventive activities and combating crime.

The review presented to the reader summarizes the points of view of Russian scientists. Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Austria, the United States on the role and place of Koreans who were subjected to destructive influences by the party and Soviet authorities back in the 30s of the last century in the state processes of modern transformations. However, the echo of those times in the life of the Koreans of Russia and other CIS countries is now also manifest. The basis of the attitude of scientists to the concept of identity, the classification of which already includes more than 20 species. Nevertheless, the scientific development of these types is uneven. In our opinion, the kind of territorial identity remains poorly studied, which by its nature can be both positive and negative. This was the conclusion drawn by the scientists of the Far East A.S. Vashchuk and G.G. Yermak [1; 2]. Many negative examples remain characteristic of the North Caucasus region of Russia and the Crimea. Therefore, the conclusion that territorial identity unites and consolidates peoples is immutable. And this position will occupy an increasing part of the developers of this social phenomenon. The problem is inherently relevant and it is no coincidence that there is a heightened interest in it. Of course, it does not do without sharp scientific discussions on various aspects of ethnicity. The discussion focuses on the identity of the Korean community in Russia and other CIS countries. This topic became a priority at the International Scientific Conference, a meeting of the "round table" of editors of Korean media at Chonju University. It was discussed in the framework of events dedicated to the opening of the International Research Center for the Study of the History of Koryo-Saram. The ceremony, held at Chonju University on September 28, 2018, ended with the creation of a new International Research Center, which was headed by a famous scientist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Yong Sang Won. The formation of a new center on the history of Koryo-Saram became a landmark event and a reality.

In analazying the form in architectural monuments or in a more comprehensive way, study of the monuments itself is one of the most fundamental and most important aspects of architecture that has several benefits and effects. One of the benefits of recognizing the shape of different building architecture is the categorization of architecture into different historical periods that can help us better understand the process of historical architectural developments in the past. Among the architectural monuments of Iran, Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz which is a Qajar Mosque is one of the most important Mosques in Shiraz which is less focused in the previous studies. This article, which is mainly based on empirical research and field studies, was conducted for studying the architecture of the mosque and analyzing and explaining the most important architectural features of this monument. The main questions of this article are the following: 1) What are the most basic architectural features of Nasir al-Mulk Mosque and how different parts are organized and built next to each other? 2) What choices and opting out of the architectural design of the building have been carried out? To find the best answers to these questions, first we analyzed the structure and overall fitness of the Mosque and its characteristics had been enumerated. Then, we introduced and analyze the main sectors that make up the corpus such as the mosque entrance, courtyard, naves and porches, in which the form and structure of each of these sectors as well as their consort with each other in shaping the overall architecture of the mosque, are analyzed and discussed. The summary of the findings in the form of empirical statements is presented at the end of the article.

Skyscraper is a significant architectural structure in the world's largest cities. The appearance of a skyscraper in the city's architectural composition enhances its status, introduces dynamics into the shape of the city, modernizes the existing environment. Its architectural structure which can have both expressive triumphal forms and ascetic ones. For a deep understanding of the architecture of high-rise buildings must be considered by several criteria. Various approaches can be found in the competitive development of high-rise buildings in Moscow and the US cities in the middle of the twentieth century In this article we will consider how and on the basis of what the architectural decisions of high-rise buildings were formed.

This article provides general information about the " Qirqqiz " fortress, an architectural monument of ancient urban planning, which was built in the past in the territory of Termiz district of Surkhondarya region and a part of it has been preserved until today. The origin of the term "Qirqqiz", legends and historical sources about the " Qirqqiz " fortress monument are explained. Providing information about the ancient architectural monument, interested in the field, students, researchers, building and construction architecture, urban planning and landscape architecture, design and construction of highways, design and construction of water structures, tourism, oriental studies, archeology and history, etc. increases the interest of students and representatives of peoples of the whole world in architectural monuments. I wish success to students and young professionals who are hungry for knowledge, in their quest to study history and create the architecture of the future!

Fashion adopts numerous creative ideas and the designers source them. Architecture is also not left out from the eye of designers. Fashion designers used to take their inspiration from architectural buildings normally to create new clothing silhouettes. But what is important to understand here is the nature of relationship between these two disciplines which made them to do so. Keeping this fact in mind, researcher tried to find the connection between ‘Fashion’ and ‘Architecture,’ which can serve as fashion element for designers. Clothing Silhouette and motif were the two criteria on which the relationship was investigated. Indian Mughal architectural monuments were selected, since Mughals were considered as the most influential rulers on Indian sub-continent, having unique heritage in terms of religion, arts, music and other ornamental techniques which are in vogue even in the modern era. The outcomes show that similar kind of motifs was used to ornament both textiles as well as walls of architectural monuments at same time frame. Clothing silhouettes of that time were also inspired from the outer shape of the monument. Further, while investigating, a functional aspect—one of the common causes of relationship in terms of comfort in both the disciplines was also found.

The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of architectural geometry by Islamic mathematicians. The period under study of the fourth to eleventh centuries AH

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the United States has been increasingly inclined towards unilateral actions in international relations, while Russia, which has declined to the status of a middle class power, has become far more discreet in its foreign policy strategies. This was seen especially during the Boris Yeltsin period, when a mixture of cooperation and conflict in US-Russian relations could be seen. After Vladimir Putin took office in May 2000, Russia has begun to attempt the reorganization of its present international relations strategy into a multipolar system while also assuming the role of a world-class power. In the beginning days of President Putin's administration, conflict, rather than cooperation, defined the relations between the two countries. However, after the terrorist attacks on September 11 2001, Russia has started to attach greater importance towards cooperation in the international war against terrorism. Russia opted to cooperate with Washington D.C: s plans for Central Asian Countries and the Republic of Georgia, which ultimately resulted in a US military presence in these countries.In March 2003, with the beginning of US attacks against Iraqi without a resolution from the UN Security Council, Russia with France and Germany criticized the US decision as a unilateral military action made with total disregard to international law. However, did the development of the Iraqi war actually damage US-Russian relations? Close analysis of events and policy decisions suggest that, despite severe criticism of the United States' actions, Russia has not changed its basic stance with dealing with America. Cooperation with the US continues to have a vital importance for Russia's national interests as well as its concerns about international terrorism.Will cooperative relations between the US and Russia last in the foreseeable future? Two major challenges exist for both countries. First, the US military presence will continue in post-Soviet regions, especially in Central Asian Countries and the Republic of Georgia regardless of any developments or breakthrough in international terrorism. The political forces in Russia have already assumed a negative attitude toward cooperation with the US because of this situation. Putin has been repeatedly criticized for allowing an agreement that is of greater advantage to the United States than Russia. Second, with the expansion of NATO in 1999, and again in 2004, with seven Eastern European countries and the three Baltic states joining NATO without considering Russian opinion, revives historic Russian fears about the security of its Western border. If NATO expands into CIS countries, the relationship between Russia and these former satellite states will be thrown in a period of significant crisis. In the event of this taking place, Russia would be forced shift not only its present attitude toward the US but also its entire foreign policy strategy. The result would be a return to growing conflict between the United States and Russia.

For more than a decade, a wide range of Spanish case studies, relating especially to rural inner or abandoned sites and areas, have been analysed by the authors as part of different research projects linked with traditional and monumental architecture, conservation strategies and earthen buildings. On one hand the studies have been undertaken in the framework of a project concerning the conservation of rammed earth in the Iberian Peninsula, including criteria, techniques, results and perspectives and, on the other, by a project about the conservation and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula, providing guidelines and tools for its sustainable intervention. In all cases the researchers’ efforts focused on enhancing new perspectives and opportunities for rural earthen buildings, analysing landscapes, contexts, constructive features, decay and problems. The final common aim of this research is to stress these crucial topics to improve tangible or intangible opportunities for conservation strategies.