Architecture of coastal and desert Encelia farinosa (Asteraceae): consequences of plastic and heritable variation in leaf characters

Abstract

The shrub Encelia farinosa (Asteraceae) exhibits geographic variation in aboveground architecture and leaf traits in parallel with environmental variation in temperature and moisture. Measurements of plants occurring across a natural gradient demonstrated that plants in desert populations produce smaller, more pubescent leaves and are more compact and branched than plants in more mesic coastal environments. This phenotypic variation is interpreted in part as adaptive genetic differentiation; small size and pubescence reduce leaf temperature and thus increase water-use efficiency but at the cost of lower photosynthetic rate, which results in slower growth and more compact growth form. We explored the basis of phenotypic variation by planting seed offspring from coastal and desert populations in common gardens in both environments. Phenotypic differences among populations persisted in both common gardens, suggesting a genetic basis for trait variation. Desert offspring outperformed coastal offspring in the desert garden, suggesting superior adaptation to hot, dry conditions. Herbivore damage was greater for all offspring in the coastal garden. Phenotypic characters also showed plastic responses; all offspring had smaller, more pubescent leaves and more compact growth form in the desert garden. Our results confirm that leaf size and pubescence are heritable characters associated with pronounced variation in plant architecture.