Architectural Elements as A Component of Cultural Tourism

This study analyzes business performance through efficiency score estimation in two sustainable tourism models: cultural tourism and rural tourism. The study uses microeconomic data (microdata) of Spanish firms with different characteristics in terms of size, region, location and financial variables. Using multistage modeling (Data envelopment analysis, DEA, non-parametric frontier and non-parametric tests), the main results show that the average efficiency is higher for rural tourism destinations than for cultural tourism destinations. Similar to other tourism industries, efficiency results by geographical and regional destination confirm that location is a driver of the efficiency levels in rural and cultural tourism destinations. Furthermore, the results do not support the scale economies hypothesis: the average efficiency is higher for very small firms compared to other firm sizes, although the average efficiency for large firms is higher than that for medium-size firms. Regarding dynamic efficiency, the results reveal slight variations among the years examined, but the differences are not statistically significant. Finally, the study sheds light on the link between the efficiency of rural tourism and sustainable practices as the investment in environmental protection developed by regions during the period.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to describe the tourism potential and formulate the development of the Matalafang Traditional Village as a cultural tourism destination in Alor Regency. Matalafang Traditional Village is one of the tourist destinations, where the Abui tribes live. The Abui tribe, as one of the largest tribes who inhabit Nusa Kenari Island, has various cultural potentials tourism to be developed. This is in line with the increasing number of tourists visiting. Through qualitative descriptive methods, extracting information is obtained by field observations, structured interviews with 6 key informants, documentation of traditional villages, and literature studies on Matalafang Traditional Village and Alor Regency Tourism. The results showed that the attractiveness of cultural tourism in the Matalafang Traditional Village in the form of the Balai Hatel Traditional Ceremony as a ritual to enter the garden, the Caka Lele dance, the unifying dance of the Alor community Lego-Lego, weaving Ikat for dancing, the fourth level traditional house, and various woven bamboo crafts for putting sirih pinang traditional snacks on it. The strategy formulation is an effort to develop the Matalafang Traditional Village as a cultural tourism destination, such as increasing the awareness of culture-based tourism for the local community, maintaining the authenticity of dance as a tourist attraction, increasing tourist activities after the ritual of opening the garden as alternative tourism, and maintaining the condition of the traditional village that is still original.Keywords: Destinations, Traditional Villages, Matalafang, Cultural Tourism, Development Strategies

The aim of the study is to develop theoretic and methodological recommendations and practical activities for the positive social, managerial, organizational and economic development of historical and cultural tourist destinations. In theoretical terms: the role of historical and cultural tourist destination in the development of the region has been established; the historical and cultural tourist destinations have been identified; the author’s classification of historical and cultural tourist destinations has been developed basing tourist visiting activeness; the author’s methodological approach to the diagnosis and creating tools for development of historical and cultural tourist destinations, comprehensively taking into account resource and factor components, has been presented. In practical terms: variations of the activities aimed at the positive development of historical and cultural tourist destinations have been proposed; the description of measures aimed at the creation of a historical and cultural complex on the example of the designed historical and cultural complex “Stara Samar” has been given. The results of the study are applicable for a wide range of historical and cultural tourist attractions: territories, landscapes and elements of landscapes, historical settlements, parks, film studios, historical and cultural heritage sites, history and culture monuments, burial sites, places of worship, sites of social cultural infrastructure. The author’s recommendations provide obtaining commercial results and ensuring a social and cultural effect for businessmen, managers, local communities in the management of existing or in the creation of new historical and cultural tourist destinations.

Currently, there is a rapid growth of demand for cultural tourism and there is a growing trend of cultural interest as a tourism product in the world. Indonesia has a lot of cultural and historical heritage with a multicultural population and serves as an integral part of the world's cultural heritage. In order to have an impact on the economy, this cultural heritage must be managed properly. Therefore there needs to be a study on the cultural heritage tourism model by balancing the interests between the tourism industry and heritage preservation as the main agenda to get a mutually sustainable relationship in cultural heritage tourism. The objectives in research are to; 1) knowing the potential of the Maghilewa traditional village as a cultural tourism destination, 2) knowing the feasibility of the traditional village as a cultural heritage destination, 3) formulating the steps that will be taken to prepare the traditional village as a cultural heritage destination. This research is a qualitative descriptive study to get an overview of the potential and feasibility of cultural tourism villages and the steps to make traditional villages into cultural tourism destinations. The results showed that the traditional village of Maghilewa was feasible to be developed into a cultural heritage destination. In developing the traditional village of Maghilewa, it is feasible as a cultural heritage destination, it requires a lot of support from the community, local government, and academics. The steps that must be taken are to build synergy between stakeholders in order to build the capacity of the Maghilewa Traditional Village community and encourage the Regional Government to implement comprehensive policies in participatory tourism development by prioritizing the conservation of local culture.

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism that focuses on preserving a place's or region's heritage. This type of tourism is used to recognize a country's or place's history, inheritance items, culture, art, or architecture, to gain an appreciation of the past. One of the natural attractions and has historical value in Enrekang is the Fort Alla site. The fort is often used as an Edu tourism for students from other places to commemorate the traces of the struggle of the heroes in the Dutch colonial era. However, the community and local government in the Fort Alla areas are still underdeveloped as cultural tourism destinations. Villagers’ awareness of cultural tourism is still very low. Through the education program, we aimed to empower Benteng Alla Utara villagers to know about cultural tourism. The activity was carried out in 12-13 March 2022 at the village head office. The methods used in this program are lectures, Q & A, and discussions. The total participants of the program are 30 villagers. All the participants are given pre-test and post-test to measure their knowledge about cultural tourism. Results show that after the education program, all the participants' knowledge about the potential of cultural tourism in Benteng Alla Utara village increased for the "Good” category, from 33.3% to 70%, and decreased in the category of “Less” from 43.3% to 0%. In addition, they made a work plan for the cultural tourism program. This program is considered the starting point for the preparation of the Fort Alla Site development to become a new cultural tourism destination in South Sulawesi Province.

Yeh Pulu Relief is one of the leading cultural and historical tourism destinations in Bali. They offer archaeological value and natural beauty. However, this tourism potential has not been optimal. This study aimed to analyze visitors' responses to the experience of visiting Yeh Pulu Relief, including the level of satisfaction, attraction factors, and obstacles. The research was a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires to 100 domestic and foreign tourist respondents. It used descriptive analysis to interpret the data. The results of the study show that most tourists visit Yeh Pulu Relief for their interest in culture and history (60%), 30% for Recreation or Photography, while 10% come from recommendations or desire to explore unique destinations. The level of visitor satisfaction is high (85%), with aspects of cultural value and site authenticity being the determining factors. However, several respondents highlighted the limitations of supporting facilities such as toilets, rest areas, and inadequate information. Most tourists are satisfied with the uniqueness, natural atmosphere, and historical value. However, several aspects, such as supporting facilities, access to information, and promotion, are considered for improvement. Tourists also provide suggestions for improvement, including the addition of tour guides, increasing cleanliness, and developing infrastructure. Yeh Pulu Relief has potential as a cultural tourism destination but requires optimization in management and facilities to improve the quality of visits. These findings can be a reference for managers and local governments in developing sustainable tourism strategies. This study contributes to the development of heritage destination marketing strategies in Bali.

The social impact of cultural tourism remains controversial even though tourism development seeks a socially and economically balanced outcome. This article explores the potential of liminality as a means of explaining how cultural tourism development affects social cohesion at the neighbourhood level, particularly through open spaces. A quantitative survey of 349 respondents from two national-level tourism districts in Shanghai, Yuyuan and Xinhua, was conducted using the structural equation modeling technique. Three attributes of cultural tourism destinations (CTDs) that affect social cohesion – cultural expressions, spatial features, and management – as measured by 12 items were identified and validated in the study. The results emphasized that CTDs’ cultural expressions, such as the form and appearance of buildings, had a strong positive impact on social cohesion. However, the connotation of social cohesion in CTDs is more about latent cohesion than manifest cohesion, which means people share place attachment and a sense of belonging without necessarily having closer interactions. The findings also indicate that liminality, which provides a sense of reviving and freedom, mediates CTDs’ contribution to social cohesion. The study provides a reference for tourism planning and management to enhance social cohesion and further achieve consolidated tourism development by facilitating liminality.

There is a considerable number of religious buildings in the Western Black Sea region in Turkey inherited from the Roman period. Today some of these buildings have been devastated, some partially destroyed, some abandoned, and some have lost their authenticity because of restoration activities or conversion into mosques. In Safranbolu, Eregli, Amasra, Bartin, Sinop, and Bolu the ruins of these churches can still be seen. The Western Black Sea region, consisting of two cultural tourism destinations, Safranbolu and Kastamonu, is a touristic area with attractive cultural, religious, and rural tourism destinations visited by 5 million visitors annually. This study aims to identify the churches and chapels in the Western Black Sea region, to determine their current situation, to evaluate their tourism potential in the context of cultural/heritage/religious tourism, and to consider the reuse of religious buildings while adapting them.

Cultural commodification to the touristification of sacred areas is now increasingly commonplace on the island of Bali. The existence of temples that were initially only used for religious ritual activities has slowly begun to experience multiple functions and become a tourist attraction in the development of tourism in Bali. In Bali, many holy places have experienced tourism, including the Pura Agung Besakih also known as The Great Temple of Besakih. This research seeks to reveal the factors that affect the tourism of the Pura Agung Besakih area, the forms of tourism of the Pura Agung Besakih area, and the implications of what happens with the tourism of the Pura Agung Besakih area. Field data collection was conducted by direct observation in the Pura Agung Besakih area, in-depth interviews with speakers, and literature review correlating with this research. The successfully collected data were analyzed and dissected using commodification theory and practice theory. The results show that global tourism and tourism presence seem to dominate the external background of tourism in the Pura Agung Besakih area, in addition to being strengthened by technology flows, social media, and support from stakeholder regulations that shelter. On the other hand, market ideology and attempts to take economic advantage of external phenomena motivate the occurrence of tourism in the area of ??Pura Agung Besakih. This ultimately implies temple commercialization, religiosity, profanation, degradation of cultural and economic values, and the risk of environmental damage. Keywords: touristification, Pura Agung Besakih Area, Cultural tourism, globalization

The modern society with density and saturation routine activities required entertainment to refresh their exhaustion. One of the popular entertainments is travelling. The development of tourism is getting better because there are many types of tours that can be selected and enjoyed by everyone. The latest popular tourism is cultural tourism. In West Sumatera of Indonesia, Maninjau Lake is designated as natural and cultural tourism destinations. This article discusses the tourism potentials of Maninjau Lake and its development opportunities as cultural tourism destination. The article was based on the research since 2010. The researcher analyzes the data of in-depth interview, observation, and textual studies. Research findings reveal that there are three tourism potentials at Maninjau Lake such as natural tourism, historical tourism and cultural tourism. These potentials are worth developed in an integrated mode in order to develop Maninjau Lake as cultural tourism destination through participatory approach by involving arts communities in the nagari.

While youth tourism and cultural tourism – two increasingly important segments of tourism activity – have been widely researched, an opportunity exists to further examine the intersection of youth travel demand and cultural tourism supply. Understanding youth travelers (aged 15–25 years old) is important because they are eager to explore and learn about different cultures (Guo P, AU-GSB e-J 4(2):70–80, 2008), yearn for a sense of freedom (Schonhammer R, Phenomenol Pedagog 10:19–27, 1992), and are different from previous generations of travelers (Richards G, Wilson J, Tour Rev Int 8(2):57–67, 2004, Boukas N, J Cult Herit Manag Sustain Dev 2(2):164–169, 2008). Cultural tourism destinations are popular with youth travelers as they seek to explore different environments and experiences by visiting places and sites with abundant historical and current cultural qualities (Moisa 2007). Beyond the connection with youth tourists, cultural tourism is significant in that this industry provides positive effects upon the economic and social dimensions of a community, revitalizes destinations that may otherwise be forgotten or underdeveloped, and provides resources for the expansion of conservation activities (McKercher B, du Cros H, Cultural tourism: the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. The Haworth Hospitality Press, Binghamton, 2002).The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of young Thai visitors’ behaviors and attitudes associated with cultural heritage tourism in Thailand by identifying their personal profile and discerning their views toward cultural heritage destinations. Additionally, the current study also examines the historical attraction site’s attributes that youth visitors consider important and how these attributes meet the needs of these young visitors. For this study Ayutthaya Historical Park situated in Ayutthaya province in Thailand, designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1991, was selected as the data collection site. Results reveal that the beauty of historical buildings and landscape, the preservation of cultural heritage attraction sites’ authenticity, the maintenance of the historical buildings’ exterior, and the maintenance of the historical buildings’ interior are considered the most important attributes to the youth visitors. Attributes considered as weaknesses of the attraction sites are the number of toilets available, the amount of parking spaces provided, the amount of restaurants and dining areas, and the quality of souvenirs offered at the attraction sites. Furthermore, the quality of staff service and activities offered at the attraction sites was found to also need emphasis and attention.

This study introduces a novel approach to cultural tourism in Istanbul by quantifying satisfaction and engagement as measurable values. The complex dynamics of cultural tourism in Istanbul is examined, with a specific focus on the interplay between tourist experiences, satisfaction levels, and the extent of engagement with the city’s cultural offerings. Employing a quantitative research design, the investigation surveys tourists in Istanbul and employs rigorous statistical analyses to derive meaningful findings. Drawing insights from a sample of 230 respondents, the research presents the findings based on different aspects of cultural tourism, including tourist experiences, satisfaction, and engagement. Departing from traditional qualitative assessments, our research employs regression analyses to systematically explore the relationships between tourist experiences and these quantifiable dimensions. This innovative model offers a structured perspective on the impact of tourist experiences, providing unique insights into the intricate dynamics that shape cultural tourism in Istanbul. This methodological novelty advances the empirical understanding of cultural tourism and establishes a robust foundation for future research endeavors. The character of Istanbul as a cultural tourist destination is intricately shaped by the nuanced interactions between tourists and the city’s tourism infrastructure. These interactions, characterized by a symbiotic relationship, meet travelers’ expectations, and frequently surpass them, laying the foundation for a heightened sense of happiness. Satisfaction, a pivotal component of cultural tourism, is intricately linked to the authenticity of experiences. Istanbul’s open infrastructure and unwavering commitment to preserving cultural heritage contribute significantly to the happiness and satisfaction of its visitors. Moreover, the dynamic facet of cultural tourism, termed engagement, transforms visitors into active participants in the cultural narrative. Engaged visitors seek deeper connections, fostering an upward spiral of satisfaction and positive experiences. The implications of these findings presented in the results obtained carry substantial weight for stakeholders in Istanbul’s cultural tourism landscape, offering valuable insights that can inform strategic decisions and contribute to the sustainable development of cultural tourism in the city. Keywords: cultural tourism, tourist satisfaction, Istanbul.

This study explores the concept of marine and cultural tourism in Bali, focusing on the interplay between marine and cultural attractions. Bali, known for its rich cultural heritage and stunning marine environments, offers a unique blend of cultural and marine tourism experiences. This paper aims to analyze the potential of maritime cultural tourism in Bali and its contribution to sustainable tourism development. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, incorporating secondary data sources. The findings highlight the importance of integrating marine and cultural attractions to create a comprehensive and sustainable tourism strategy for Bali. The study concludes that marine and cultural tourism can be a vital component in Bali's tourism industry, enhancing the island's cultural and environmental sustainability.

The local authorities are promoting Buku Limau Island as an emerging tourist site. The island's distinguishing features include stunning coral reefs, picturesque white sandy beaches, and its role as a hub for the production of salted and fresh seafood. The objective of this study is to identify and describe the natural and cultural attractions on Buku Limau Island, particularly in the Manggar Subdistrict of East Belitung Regency. Additionally, the study seeks to examine social networks in order to facilitate the development and expansion of natural and cultural tourism destinations in the area. This research employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing data gathering approaches such as observation, focus group discussions (FGD), and surveys administered through questionnaires. UCINET program was used to conduct descriptive qualitative analysis and social network analysis to identify and reveal tourist characteristics. This is followed by the breakdown and study of social networks among stakeholders and interest groups. The findings of this study indicate that Buku Limau Island exhibits attributes of both natural and cultural tourism, with the predominant population of fishermen being of Bugis ethnicity. The identification and study of social networks demonstrate that stakeholders have formed networks to actively support and cultivate tourism attractions, encompassing both natural and cultural aspects. Nevertheless, there are still certain stakeholders who have not been engaged in the network throughout the process of developing and improving the tourism destination. The research limits are deliberately established to enhance the study's focus and depth. The information and data acquired are directly relevant to the fundamental issue of this investigation. The scope of this study is limited to the creation of natural and cultural tourism centered around social networks on Buku Limau Island. Theoretical implications shed light on the ideas of local government assistance, social networks, and tourist attractions. Meanwhile, the practical consequences surely affect the government, tourism stakeholders, and the community in their efforts to promote the growth of natural and cultural tourism through social networks on Buku Limau Island.

Rembang is a regency in Central Java province, has 14 districts one of which is the District Lasem. Cu An Kiong temple is the oldest temple in Central Java, which has a wealth of cultural, historical stories, art, and has great potential as a tourist destination mainstay in Rembang, Central Java. This study aims to introduce Cu An Kiong temple as a cultural tourism destination other than Kartini Museum and shopping at batik Lasem better known and visited by tourists. The role of government introduced Cu An Kiong temple as a tourist destination in Rembang are still not maximum and effective. This study used a qualitative descriptive and SWOT analysis The study also focused on the potential for Cu An Kiong temple that is worth a visit by tourists. Results from this study is that the Cu An Kiong temple can be recognized as one of the tourist destinations worth visiting in Rembang.
 Keywords: cultural tourism, Destination Tourism, visitors