Abstract
In the last years, nanoparticles such as TiO2, ZnO, NiO, CuO and Fe2O3 were mainly used in wastewater applications. In addition to the positive aspects concerning using nanoparticles in the advanced oxidation process of wastewater containing pollutants, the impact of these nanoparticles on the environment must also be investigated. The toxicity of nanoparticles is generally investigated by the nanomaterials’ effect on green algae, especially on Chlorella vulgaris. In this review, several aspects are reviewed: the Chlorella vulgaris culture monitoring and growth parameters, the effect of different nanoparticles on Chlorella vulgaris, the toxicity of photocatalyst nanoparticles, and the mechanism of photocatalyst during oxidative stress on the photosynthetic mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris. The Bold basal medium (BBM) is generally recognized as an excellent standard cultivation medium for Chlorella vulgaris in the known environmental conditions such as temperature in the range 20–30 °C and light intensity of around 150 μE·m2·s−1 under a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. The nanoparticles synthesis methods influence the particle size, morphology, density, surface area to generate growth inhibition and further algal deaths at the nanoparticle-dependent concentration. Moreover, the results revealed that nanoparticles caused a more potent inhibitory effect on microalgal growth and severely disrupted algal cells’ membranes.
Highlights
Conventional wastewater treatment technologies such as coagulation, precipitation, flocculation, adsorption, and natural aerobic treatment [1] have been sufficient for years.the complexity of pollutants discharged into the water has constrained new technologies to removing various emerging pollutants
An area of interest for research is the decontamination of wastewater through efficient and inexpensive methods to maintain the environment in normal parameters.The use of nanoparticles is causing a substantial environmental impact due to the aquatic environment’s toxic effect
Disrupt cell and its impact in the aquatic ecosystem. This microalga is a simple plant because of function by lipid peroxidation, oxidizing proteins and damaging nucleic acid. But it has a complex role in oxygen production and as a food stress in algal cells is monitored using common markers including lipid peroxidation chains producer
Summary
Conventional wastewater treatment technologies such as coagulation, precipitation, flocculation, adsorption, and natural aerobic treatment [1] have been sufficient for years. An area of interest for research is the decontamination of wastewater through efficient and inexpensive methods to maintain the environment in normal parameters.The use of nanoparticles is causing a substantial environmental impact due to the aquatic environment’s toxic effect. Destruction of activity would lead to an imbalance in the aquatic environment [11] Because of their unicellular structure, microalgae suffer abnormal damage that may affect the whole aquatic system after exposure to pollutants. An essential green eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganism capable of rapid adaptation to new environments, with a structure similar to plants in an aquatic system, is a unicellular organism [13] with a spherical shape 2.5–10 μm in diameter [13,14], with a lipid production capacity range 14–56 dw% (dw—dry weight), protein content 10–. Chlorella vulgaris can rapidly multiply asexually, and due to this, it is widely used as a model aquatic organism for toxic studies [17]
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