Apresentação

What is Discourse Analysis? is an accessible introduction to an empirical research approach which is widely used in the social sciences and related disciplines. This book explores the idea of how meaning is socially constructed and how 'talk' and text can be interpreted. The challenges of discourse analysis are outlined as well as helpful ways to approach them - from finding the right starting point, processing and interpreting data through to building an argument. Discourse analysts work with language data, including talk, documents and broadcast material. Researchers in different traditions study interactions and social practices, meaning-making and larger meaning systems, and contests and conflicts around collective identities, social norms and subjectification. What is Discourse Analysis? addresses new researchers and other academics interested in language and its associated practices. The book outlines the history of discourse analysis, its key concepts and theorists and its uses and challenges. Discussions of published studies illustrate the use of the approach to investigate a range of research topics, such as gender, health and national identities. The book also addresses the practical aspects of discourse analysis, providing clear guidance on data collection and data processing, including transcription and selection. Covering important topics, What is Discourse Analysis? draws from recent articles to show how discourse analysis works in action. Common questions about discourse analysis are presented in a lively and accessible Q&A format. This book will be an essential resource for all researchers working with discourse analysis.

Reviewed by: The Routledge Handbook of Hispanic Applied Linguistics ed. by Manel Lacorte Alonso Abad Macheño Lacorte, Manel, ed. The Routledge Handbook of Hispanic Applied Linguistics. New York: Routledge, 2015. Pp. 700. ISBN 978-0-41581-378-5. The Routledge Handbook of Hispanic Applied Linguistics is a collection of articles that give an overview of current research fields in Hispanic applied linguistics. This book would be useful for graduate students and scholars specializing in Spanish Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and Hispanic applied linguistics. It would give graduate students an overview of different fields being researched currently in Spanish SLA and applied linguistics because it covers a very wide range of topics and describes current research and history of the fields. It also covers sociocultural theory, service learning, cognitive and generative perspectives, and education and teaching applications (such as Spanish in the health professions, Spanish in special education, etc.). This handbook would also be very useful for teachers and college professors because it covers such topics as culture, civilization, and literatures throughout the curriculum, publishing, and discourse analysis. Finally, it would be also useful for administrators or anyone interested in language policies because there is a section that covers the social and political contexts of Spanish. The work is divided in five sections: perspectives on learning Spanish, Spanish teaching, Spanish in the professions, discourse analysis, and the social and political contexts of Spanish. The first section informs the reader about the theoretical contributions of Spanish SLA to different subfields and how those contributions have been applied to learning and teaching Spanish. Each chapter in the book is subdivided into three parts: a description of the subfield and its history, current issues being researched, and their application to Spanish learning, and the future and direction of the field. The first chapter explores the applications of sociocultural theory, and how [End Page 509] this theory is the genesis of a collaborative approach to teaching Spanish in the classroom, and a more holistic redefinition of linguistic competence that does not discriminate cultural and linguistic competence as two separate entities. Chapter 2 gives an overview of Hispanic pragmatics and discourse analysis. The third chapter is dedicated to the study of cognitive approaches to second language learning. It covers such issues as second language processing, attention and awareness, input processing, and neurocognitive approaches. The fourth chapter deals with the application of generative perspective to Spanish second language research. The core concepts of the chapter are the relationship between first language (L1) and second language (L2), and the role of input in SLA. The last chapter of the section addresses sociolinguistic approaches to Hispanic applied linguistics, ranging from bilingualism to classroom learners, study abroad language learners, immersion learners, heritage speakers, and immigrant bilinguals. Section 2 centers on issues and environments in Spanish teaching and teacher education. Chapter 7 offers an overview of the pedagogy of Spanish as a L2, centering on theoretical and methodological issues. The following chapters in this section deal with different aspects of methodological and curricular issues related to Spanish programs, both at the college level and the primary and secondary school level. They include curricular issues such as teacher education, Spanish as a heritage language, service learning, program articulation, content-based programs, the teaching of cultures and literatures throughout the curriculum, online teaching, the technological contexts for teaching Spanish, assessment of Spanish, and critical approaches to teaching Spanish. The third section offers a comprehensive survey of Spanish in the professions. It includes chapters on interpreting and translation, lexicography, computational Spanish, publishing, Spanish in the health professions, and special education. There is one chapter dedicated to forensic Spanish, or the intersection between Spanish and law, in which issues such as the alteration of pragmatic meaning by interpreters in court appearances, and other judicial proceedings, are discussed. The fourth section of the book is dedicated to the discourses of Spanish: such topics as academic Spanish, media discourse, commercial discourse, intercultural communication discourse, and politics and discourse are covered in this section. The chapters in this section define the scope, history and tenets of each discourse. For instance, the chapter dedicated to intercultural communication discourse offers an overview of the field through the lens of...

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media

For a long time, the genetic counselling process had remained a blackbox, especially from a discourse‐analytical perspective. Over the last two decades, the rich and complex communication process that constitutes the ‘hybrid’ activity of genetic counselling has been a focus of study using discourse analysis methodology. Thematically, genetic counselling encompasses topics as diverse as the natural history of a genetic disorder, aspects of (non)diagnosis and prognosis, (non)treatability, lay genetic awareness, future risks for a client and other family members, reproduction choices, psychosocial aspects of coping, the ethical and legal consequences of decisions and privacy issues concerning the disclosure/circulation of genetic information. This range of topics does not follow neat and parallel interactional trajectories; instead the topics become interweaved in an overlapping manner and are managed interactionally under given conditions, including the multiparty nature of participation in the counselling encounter. A discourse‐analytical approach is an attempt to uncover the structural, interactional and thematic organisation of genetic counselling as a situated activity.Key Concepts:Genetic counselling as a communicative activity is complex and hybrid, which does not follow a simple ritual interactional routine.The notion of ‘activity type’ (forms of setting) to characterise communicative events with component ‘discourse types’ (forms of talk) is a useful way to capture the dynamic and variable nature of genetic counselling across modes (face‐to‐face versus telephone‐mediated), disease conditions as well as sociocultural settings.The activity of genetic counselling can be mapped structurally, interactionally and thematically to illustrate the unique nature of the counselling process.Concepts such as directiveness and nondirectiveness are part of a continuum and are manifest differently at the interactional level.At a thematic level, risk and uncertainty are two sides of the same coin and the language of probability assumes significance in terms of risk explanation and risk perception.The concept of risk is far more complex in genetic counselling than in other disease settings as it includes the associated ‘risk of knowing’ and the ‘risk of (non)disclosure’.Negotiation of what is normal and what is abnormal can be mapped on to risk/uncertainty trajectories in genetic counselling.The management of ethical and moral issues in genetic counselling requires an interaction‐based situated approach in preference to the principle‐based guidelines.In discourse analytic terms, it is possible to distinguish between psychological and sociomoral dimensions of genetic counselling, which underpin clients' decision‐making.The self‐other orientations (e.g. self versus other; self and other and self‐as‐other) are a key feature of genetic counselling.

These conference proceedings contain papers presented at the Sixth Brno Conference on Linguistics Studies in English entitled Communication across Genres and Discourses. The conference was organised by the Department of English Language and Literature of the Faculty of Education of Masaryk University and was held on 11-12 September 2014. The Conference was dedicated to current trends and developments in English linguistics studies with a focus on communication in various genres and discourses. The contributions deal with a wide range of linguistic topics, such as discourse analysis, stylistics, translation studies, pragmatics, genre analysis, hybrid types of discourse, and multi-media communication.

This entry describes the foundation and development of the Wiley Blackwell journal World Englishes , which was founded in 1985 by Professors Braj B. Kachru and Larry E. Smith. Over the last four decades, the journal has aimed to provide coverage of world Englishes from an inclusive and pluralistic perspective. The journal is not simply concerned with “varieties of English” per se, but with a wide range of related topics as well, including applied linguistics, bilingual creativity, code‐mixing and code‐switching, corpus linguistics, critical linguistics, digital media, discourse analysis, English as an international language, English as a lingua franca, intercultural communication, linguistic landscapes, sociolinguistic variation, and translanguaging. The journal has consistently rejected a narrow view of the world Englishes paradigm, and has instead promoted a creative and dynamic view of the world Englishes field.

Reviewed by: Travels and Mobilities in the Middle Ages: From the Atlantic to the Black Sea by ed. Marianne O’Doherty and Felicitas Schmieder Jason stoessel O’Doherty, Marianne, and FelicitasSchmieder, eds, Travels and Mobilities in the Middle Ages: From the Atlantic to the Black Sea (International Medieval Research, 21), Turnhout, Brepols, 2015; hardback; pp. xliii, 344; 20 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. €90.00; ISBN 9782503554495. This collection of fourteen essays has its roots in the 2010 International Medieval Congress in Leeds. Marianne O’Doherty and Felicitas Schmieder have done an admirable job of framing the book in their Introduction, successfully linking chapters by an international field of established and emergent scholars on a range of topics on medieval and early modern travel and mobilities. The following essays are arranged into four parts that extend chronologically from the seventh to sixteenth centuries and geographically from China to the Americas. From the outset, the editors challenge the reader to put aside the modern myth of medieval immobility. Indeed, this collection’s essays reveal that relatively ordinary people regularly travelled long distances in the course of their studies, work, adventures, and pilgrimages. Contributions to this volume focus less on ‘exceptional travels’, like those of Marco Polo or Ibn Battuta, and more on cases of the everyday travel of mendicant friars, soldiers, students, and diplomats. In keeping with recent scholarly trends, a strong thread of cross-disciplinarity runs through this collection, particularly with regard to constructions of gender, identity, disability studies, and material culture. Part I explores ‘Centres and Peripheries: Travellers to and on the Margins’. Essays by Johnny Grandjean Gøgsig Jacobsen and Sæbjørg Walaker Nordiede consider, respectively, the travels of mendicant friars and papal envoys in Scandinavia. Iona McCleery examines the journeys of Portuguese medical practitioners, Tomé Pires, Garcia de Orto, Diego Ávarez Chanca, [End Page 158] and Master Alfonso, to India, China, and the Americas, and concludes with several cautions about succumbing to binary oppositions (like ‘home and abroad’) and later nationalisms (like ‘Italian’) for identifying individuals in the early modern period. Irina Metzler’s essay on the mobility of the disabled in the Middle Ages surveys examples wherein the physically impaired went, or had themselves transported, on pilgrimages in search of cures or spiritual solace. John D. Hosler’s essay, the first of Part II, ‘Nobility of the Road: Travel and Status’, sits less comfortably in this collection, asking why King Stephen of England did not join in the Second Crusade. Despite Stephen’s clear intention to take the cross, domestic affairs intervened in his plans for long-distance travel. The following contributions by Hrovoje Kekez and Mary Fischer are more at home. They respectively explore the mobility of fifteenth-century Slavonian noble, Ivan Bubonić, and literary tropes on chivalric rites of passage for Prussian crusaders. Fischer’s discussion of gendered identity within the fourteenth-century German knightly class pre-empts the theme of Part III, ‘Men and Women on the Move: Gendered Mobilities’. Stefanie Rüther’s analysis of gendered discourse in the songs of highly mobile German mercenaries (Landsknechtslieder) of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries offers insight into alternative models of masculinity, often in direct conflict with the Church’s teachings. Rüther deftly negotiates her subject material to the benefit of historical analysis: Landsknechtslieder were revived in Germany during the first half of the twentieth century for very different purposes of national identity. Zita Rohr’s essay shifts the reader’s attention to the exceptional case of Yolande of Aragon and her semi-nomadic life as co-regent and ruler of Angevin lands in the early fifteenth century. Drawing together recent French literature and new archival research on Yolande, Rohr’s essay is valuable for its insights into the life of this influential late medieval woman. Zohr’s claims about the peripatetic nature of her rule being influenced by the Spanish model seem, however, misplaced, given that many other rulers, such as John of Burgundy, in this period kept itinerant courts. The final essay by Maximilian Schuh rounds out Part III’s focus on mobilities and gender by reassessing the nature of fifteenth-century wandering scholars, questioning twentieth-century goliardic stereotypes and...

Discourse Analysis

Reviewed by: Historical dialogue analysis ed. by Andreas H. Jucker, Gerd Fritz, Franz Lebsanft Robert McColl Millar Historical dialogue analysis. Ed. by Andreas H. Jucker, Gerd Fritz, and Franz Lebsanft. (Pragmatics & beyond new series 66.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999. Pp. 478. This collection of essays brings together disparate strands of theoretical and practical work in fields derived from discourse analysis and historical sociolinguistics as well as from the often discrete worlds of German language, French language, and English language scholarship on these matters. The problems—and opportunities—inherent in this combination are discussed with some vigor in the introductory essay by Jucker, Fritz, and Lebsanft. Fifteen essays of varying length dealing with a wide range of topics follow this. All but two of the essays are in English. This variety is productive since it demonstrates the very range of interests and approaches to which the editors refer. This eclecticism also means that there are few occasions where readers (no matter their specialization) will not find something of interest somewhere in the collection. Very briefly, the essays can be described thus. Marcel M. H. Bax discusses the balance between eristic and contractual motive in Dutch medieval romance and early modern drama. What often appear to be ritualistic interactions between knights may well have their roots in actual routines of battle. On the other hand, the ritual procedures employed in drama by the sinnekens, grotesque characters in morality plays, are not such truthful depictions of speech events. Thomas Gloning writes on the language use of religious controversies in the German-speaking world around 1600, demonstrating that there were debate-based patterns which these ‘arguments’ were obliged to follow. Many of these same concerns are also discussed by Johannes Schwitalla in his exposition of the use of dialogue in a particular controversy, again demonstrating the rules and conventions of this type of dialogue. This concept of the ritualized dialogue is continued in Manfred Beetz’s essay on the polite answer in pre-modern German conversation culture. Many of these ideas are also to be found in Hannes Kästner’s essay (in German) on courtly conversation in the early German lyrics, which demonstrates that the Minnesang may be employed to reconstruct what courtly speech between men and women was like and may also have been used as a model for how real-life conversations of this type might be constructed. Thomas Honegger’s essay on the dawn song as a ‘linguistic routine’ of parting has particular resonance—to the eyes of an English speaker—for a reading of Romeo and Juliet. Honegger demonstrates the antiquity of the pattern of exchange and constructs a typology for the interaction. On a more prosaic level, Richard J. Watts discusses the textbooks and phrasebooks produced by and for immigrants—often refugees—to England in the early Modern period. As might be expected, most of the teaching element in these books is contained in dialogues. Contrasting French-English and Spanish-English textbooks. Watts demonstrates that the latter were designed for people who would have to stay indefinitely in England while the former were predicated upon the idea of a relatively speedy return to the homeland. Irma Taavitsainen writes on dialogues in late medieval and early Modern English medical writing, demonstrating that elements of real speech and even satires on the medical profession are included along with the expected influence of earlier scholarly and pedagogic dialogue frameworks. An approach focused on relatively small amounts of text is demonstrated in Franz Lebsanft’s essay on a late medieval French bargain dialogue in Pathelin II. He shows that whilst bargain dialogues at any time period will share many similarities, the passages which he selects illustrate their development in a number of directions. Jonathan Culpeper and Merja Kytö, on the other hand, employ large amounts of material in their discussion of hedges in early Modern English dialogues, demonstrating that English (in particular in its written form) was becoming more oral in style over time. Producing similar conclusions, Anne Herlyn, in her essay on multiple dialogue introducers from a...

To begin with some history, reflecting the breadth of the field, the 35 issues of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (ARAL) published since 1980 have covered a substantial range of topics. These have included broad surveys of the field of applied linguistics; language and language-in-education; identity; written discourse; literacy; bilingual communities worldwide; language and the professions; communicative language teaching; second language acquisition research; discourse analysis; issues in foreign language teaching and learning; language policy and planning; technology and language; multilingualism; foundations of second language teaching; applied linguistics as an emerging discipline; language and psychology; discourse and dialogue; language contact and change; advances in language pedagogy; lingua franca languages; neurolinguistics; cognitive aspects of language processing; language assessment; and formulaic language.

Alcoholics Anonymous is a community of people who strive to work through and find a solution to their problems with alcohol. While previous research on the 12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous has covered a wide range of topics, there is a gap that exists in the discourse community. This gap can be best summed up as a lack of comprehensive and exhaustive discourse analysis to examine the 12-step program AA. The discourse analysis completed in this document aims to examine AA through the lens of how language use in multiple texts provided by Alcoholics Anonymous function or serve as mechanisms to members of the fellowship. Michel Foucault and his poststructuralist work explicate the concepts that most clearly reflect the mechanisms and functions of the language within the discourse of AA. This thesis uses discourse analysis to examine pieces of AA text in their entirety to draw connection between the concepts that Foucault sees as communicative of mechanisms and function in language and the language that Alcoholics Anonymous uses to help their members recover.

Applied linguistics embodies a kaleidoscope of disciplines, theoretical approaches, research paradigms, and beliefs about practice. Its diversity is reflected in this festschrift honoring Henry Widdowson. The volume contains the contributions of 27 authors from five continents and, like the honoree's own body of work, represents a wide range of topics. In their introductory chapter, the editors outline the disciplines they have chosen to include: assessment, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, language teaching, literature, second language acquisition, and the relationship among theory, research, and practice. As this list reveals, other areas of applied linguistics are notably absent: first language literacy, language planning and policy, and translation, among others. Omissions are no doubt necessary in order to compile a volume of manageable size; in spite of these omissions, readers will find the contributions absorbing and take pleasure in tracing thematic threads throughout. A sampling of major themes is outlined here.

Different aspects of bilingualism have been studied all over the world, and the studies have looked at a wide range of topics in spoken- language bilinguals such as patterns of code switching, the role of code switching in community life, the success or failure of bilingual education, second-language learning and gender, as well as many other issues focusing on single-modality bilinguals. These studies are often not applicable to studies of bimodal bilingualism, in which the subjects know a sign language from birth and the spoken language of the larger, hearing society. The study of bilingualism in hearing people from deaf families offers an opportunity to analyze the way that native users of both a signed and a spoken language combine aspects of both languages simultaneously (code blending). The lower status of American Sign Language (ASL) in relation to English may also contribute to how bimodal bilinguals view and use their languages. Unlike spoken-language bilinguals, who must stop one language before beginning another, a bimodal bilingual is able to speak and sign at the same time. This linguistic capability informs and expands the field of bilingualism as well as areas such as discourse analysis and the role of code blending as a cultural identifier. This preliminary research focuses on emails taken from a forum on the Internet for hearing people with deaf parents. Two hundred and seventy five lines from one hundred emails were collected and analyzed. The study shows evidence of strong grammatical influence from ASL in these emails (an absence of overt subjects, overt objects, determiners, copulas, and prepositions) as well as unique structures (nonstandard verb inflections, overgeneralization of the letters, and syntactic calquing). There is also a strong tendency to use English to �describe� an ASL sign (i.e., �My father fork-in-throat�). The meaning of the sign fork-in-throat is �stuck,� but the bilingual chooses to use the visual description of the sign instead of the lexical equivalent in English (note the absence of the copula). The overall results of this analysis are compared to Internet Relay Chat and TDD writings.

Discourse analysis following the work of Michel Foucault has become a valuable methodology in the critical analysis of a broad range of topics relating to health. However, it can be a daunting task, in that there seems to be both a huge number of possible approaches to carrying out this type of project, and an abundance of different, often conflicting, opinions about what counts as 'Foucauldian'. This article takes the position that methodological design should be informed by ongoing discussion and applied as appropriate to a particular area of inquiry. The discussion given offers an interpretation and application of Foucault's methodological principles, integrating a reading of Foucault with applications of his work by other authors, showing how this is then applied to interrogate the practice of vocational rehabilitation. It is intended as a contribution to methodological discussion in this area, offering an interpretation of various methodological elements described by Foucault, alongside specific application of these aspects.

Book Review---Giuseppe Balirano, Maria Cristina Nisco (eds.) 2015 Language, Theory and Society: Essays in English Linguistics and Culture, Liguori, Napoli.