Approaching the otherness: an incursion into the Andean culture

Indigenous people in Latin American countries are often socially excluded, with their communities characterised by limited access to basic social services (education and health), basic infrastructure (roads, energy, potable water and sewage), underemployment, lack of democratic representation, cultural discrimination and other restrictions on the full exercise of citizenship. Under the inclusive development approach, policies and policy instruments of science, technology and innovation (STI) are believed to contribute to rural communities’ social inclusion. Recent models within the inclusive development framework understand innovation in terms of both outputs and social processes that considers the participation of different types of actors, including marginalised groups. The concept of inclusive innovation, then, refers to a structural change in which rural communities are active citizens in the decision-making and learning processes that aim to find new solutions to given problems. Peru faces a significant challenge in reducing poverty, especially in rural areas where Indigenous communities, in particular, experience extreme poverty. According to Peru’s national strategy of STI, the transfer of technology, in the form of the delivery of the goods and services needed by marginalised rural communities, is a mechanism for social inclusion. One key technology transfer intervention is electrification through projects that aim to foster the development and capacity of rural communities by transferring new energy technologies such as photovoltaic panels and mini/micro-hydropower systems. While access to energy is recognised as a social right, there is little evidence about how technology transfer interventions for rural electrification are contributing to the reduction of social exclusion in poor Indigenous communities. Considering the complexity of an innovation process for social inclusion, this thesis explores the extent to which technology transfer interventions for rural electrification contribute to social inclusion. The thesis presents three case studies of Indigenous communities who had participated in the same rural electrification project in Cusco region in Peru. The methods used in the case studies were rapid rural appraisal, unstructured interviews and participant observation. The data gathered using these methods answered research questions concerning the process of adoption of the new energy system, the impact of the energy usage in the community, the involvement of the communities in the process of innovation, and the emergence of inclusive learning institutions. Further, in order to explore the orientation of innovation policies towards social inclusion, the study used focus groups and semi-structured interviews with STI stakeholders in Cusco city and the nation’s capital, Lima; and unstructured interviews with STI stakeholders in rural localities. The empirical findings on the adoption of the new energy system showed that the lighting of rooms in the home had made the daily life of families more comfortable. In addition, the collective management of the energy system had enhanced the organisation of the community. However, the results demonstrated that the rural electrification project was a top-down intervention that had excluded community members from the design and implementation of the energy system. Technical training was also incomplete, restricting the access to information, exchange of knowledge and learning interactions among the users. This limited the users’ ability to adapt the new system to their own energy needs. Furthermore, the provider/client relationship between the energy provider and the local people seemed to be common in other capacity-building activities by other technology providers in the case study communities. Even though the STI stakeholders interviewed in this research recognised the importance of participatory processes in technology transfer interventions, their concept of inclusive innovation corresponded to the mainstream or traditional innovation models that tend to address exclusion simply in terms of innovation outputs. This work provides the first comprehensive assessment of different factors that interact in the process of innovation, such as the technical attributes of the new technologies, community capitals, local knowledge and modes of learning and the capacity of political institutions to support learning and collaborative networks. The study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that indicates that technology transfer interventions for social inclusion in Latin America are framed largely as economic opportunities. Consequently, the users, who are positioned as consumers, are often excluded from participating in decision-making and learning processes and collaborative relationships within STI activities. These findings are particularly relevant because they enhance our understanding of the complexity of innovation for social inclusion and recognise those dynamics and interactions that occur in unequal structures and perpetuate the subordinated position of excluded groups. Finally, this study provides important insights into the role of citizenship for structural change that involves the reorientation of top-down technology transfer interventions into more inclusive innovation processes. Therefore, the study has a number of practical implications for the participation of Indigenous communities as citizens through the building of collaborative relationships over time, the support of horizontal learning processes and the strengthening of local institutions.

The lack of water for agriculture in Peru affects production and food security. In Cusco, the MERISS Plan aims to support farmers by improving water infrastructure and providing technical training. However, some farmers are not interested in participating, limiting the programme’s impact and perpetuating economic vulnerability. Irrigation stands out as an essential driver of socio-economic development. The project ‘Improvement and Expansion of Irrigation Water Services in the Versalles River Sectors’ seeks to address this need. The objective was to understand the socio-economic effects on beneficiaries caused by the implementation of the ‘irrigation water service in the Versalles River sectors’ project. The methodology was qualitative with a non-experimental ethnographic design. The sampling procedure was intentional convenience sampling and saturation point sampling, with a total of 15 informants. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, document review, and participant observation. The results reveal that the project not only increases agricultural productivity and farmers’ incomes, but also strengthens local food security for beneficiaries engaged in agriculture. In conclusion, despite challenges such as the lack of organisation in the communities of San José and Santa Elena-Nueva Granada and limited access to water due to the lack of a water distribution system, this irrigation initiative offers opportunities to improve living conditions and promote sustainable development in the Cusco region.

Machu Picchu is an archaeological Inca sanctuary from the 15th century, located 2430 m above the sea level in the Cusco Region, Peru. In 1983, it was declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The surroundings and soils from the entire archaeological site are carefully preserved together with its grass parks. Due to the importance of the archaeological city and its surroundings, the Decentralized Culture Directorate of Cusco-PAN Machu Picchu decided to carry out a careful monitoring study in order to determine the ecological status of the soils. In this work, elemental and molecular characterization of 17 soils collected along the entire park was performed by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acidic digestion assisted by microwave energy. Thanks to the combination of these analytical techniques, it was possible to obtain the mineral composition and metal concentrations of all soils from these 17 sampling points. Finally, different statistical treatments were carried out in order to confirm the ecological status of the different sampling points from Machu Picchu archaeological site concluding that soils are not impacted.

Evaluation of the role of biocolonizations in the conservation state of Machu Picchu (Peru): The Sacred Rock

This thesis explores the connection between women's health and alcohol consumption in Glasgow, Scotland. The purpose of the project is to investigate how social, economic and other factors affect women's alcohol consumption, and whether or not female alcohol consumption has a direct effect on women's ill-health in Glasgow, Scotland. The data gleaned from participant observation and semi-structured interviewing of thirteen Glaswegian women provide evidence that female alcohol consumption is inseparable from issues of gender, identity, class, and power. The data will be examined using three unique levels of analysis: the individual, the societal, and the institutional. Such an examination helps to capture the lived reality of Glaswegian women. Furthermore, it situates women's alcohol use in the contemporary context of Scotland's political economy. Finally, the thesis concludes with a discussion of women's alcohol use in Glasgow and its connection to the 'Glasgow Effect'. explain this 'effect', including internal migration patterns, problems with the methodologies used to capture all aspects of socio-economic deprivation, genetic factors, lack of vitamin D, possible family breakdown and some aspects generally attributed to Scottish culture (Ibid; It is this last factor which will help frame the subject matter of my research project: Scottish culture and alcohol consumption.

This book examines the transformation of Machu Picchu from an obscure archaeological site into a global tourist destination and national symbol of Peru. This book illustrates how, from the very start, tourism played a central role in the modern rise of Machu Picchu. The leaders of Cusco, where Machu Picchu is located, employed tourism to argue for the importance of their region at a time when Peru’s national leaders believed that the Andean interior offered little cultural and economic opportunities. Over time, Cusco increasingly looked to tourism as a source of needed development at a time of economic crisis in Peru’s southern Andes. While Cusco was successful in making Machu Picchu into a tourist destination, this created new conflicts over control over the region’s culture and economy. In summary, this book highlights how the transnational links and actors associated with tourism allowed local leaders in Cusco and Peru’s southern Andes to create their region’s touristic narrative and economy. Often locals employed the transnational connections of the tourism economy to bypass or influence the policies of the Peruvian national state. Over time, these efforts shifted the Peruvian state to embrace Machu Picchu and Cusco’s Andean culture as national symbols. The book contributes to larger debates about nationalism in Latin America by pointing to the influence of tourism in the elevation of Machu Picchu as a national symbol of Peru. It argues that in post-colonial nations like Peru, transnational forces like tourism can play influential roles in the creation of national identity.

Cranial Vault Modification and Ethnicity in Middle Horizon San Pedro de Atacama, Chile

Book Review| January 01 2020 Book Review: Scale and the Incas, by Andrew Hamilton Scale and the Incas, by Andrew Hamilton. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018. 304 pages, 105 color and 55 b/w illus. Hardcover $65.00, e-book, $52.00. Reviewed by Terence N. D'Altroy. Terence N. D'Altroy Terence N. D'Altroy Columbia University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture (2020) 2 (1): 132–133. https://doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2020.210014 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Terence N. D'Altroy; Book Review: Scale and the Incas, by Andrew Hamilton. Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 1 January 2020; 2 (1): 132–133. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2020.210014 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentLatin American and Latinx Visual Culture Search Every so often, a researcher proposes a novel way to approach a subject that has been plumbed for decades. Andrew Hamilton's book, Scale and the Incas, aspires to be such a contribution, and it largely succeeds in the effort. Writing from the perspective of art history, the author engages with the materiality, semiotics, and practices of Inca objects and architecture, providing intriguing insights and speculations throughout. The central argument of the book is that the Inca engagement with the world was relational and that the scale of the material entities involved was pivotal to those interactions. As an anthropological archaeologist specializing in the Inca Empire, I found much of interest throughout the text and agree with many of the points that Hamilton makes, even if my own disciplinary orientation left me seeing certain things differently. The book contains five sections and a conclusion. The text is heavily weighted toward... You do not currently have access to this content.

El estudio consiste en relacionar el agente causal de las deformaciones cefálicas con el área cultural, el cierre sutural y las formas craneanas en el contexto del crecimiento craneofacial del poblador peruano precolombino, comprendidos en la clasificación tipológica de Weiss. Muestra: dieciocho cráneos representativos de grupos étnicos precolombinos del antiguo Perú comprendido dentro de la clasificación tipológica de Weiss, seleccionados de la curaduría de restos humanos del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú. Metodología: Se procedió con el reconocimiento de los cráneos y el registro de los códigos respectivos adoptada por la curaduría según las asociaciones culturales, regionales determinadas. Luego los cráneos fueron fotografiados en todas sus normas anatómicas. La información obtenida fue a través de la observación de imágenes de alta resolución. Resultados y conclusiones: Las deformaciones cefálicas son congruentes con la ley de Virchow. En el Perú precolombino se resume dos filums, el Llautu asociado a culturas andinas y la Cuna a pueblos costeños. El Llautu es concordante con el cierre precoz de la sutura sagital y en consecuencia el cerebro como materia orgánica influye en el bregma y la sutura coronal estimulando la osificación de un cráneo dolicocéfalo de aspecto anular. La cuna es concordante con el cierre precoz de la sutura coronal y en consecuencia el cerebro en crecimiento estimula las membranas suturales: sagital, parietoesfenoidal y parietotemporal orientando la osificación de un cráneo braquicéfalo de aspecto tabular.

Opiate use in Industrialized communities has reached near epidemic proportions and impacts the lives and activities of many who succumb to itsuse and abuse. In its native form, leaves of the coca tree have been in use for many centuries, particularly in the mountainous areas of South America and Andean culture where it was used to accommodate to the altitude and other issues. Because purified cocaine extracts common to Western culture have been reported to bind to surface domains of spermatozoa, it could readily become incorporated into ova upon their sperm penetration and fertilization. Alternatively, chronic paternal cocaine use could theoretically impose as yet unknown DNA damage to haploid DNA strands prior to fertilization. Cocaine is associated with proven damage to DNA, where it has been linked to disrupted DNA strands that when replicated in the developing blastocyst may undergo further replication during subsequent cell divisions and impact learning and behaviour effects soon after birth and weaning in the affected rat pups. Virgin male rats were administered 60 mg cocaine/kg BW, s.c. for >90 days to encompass the duration of de novo spermatozoa maturation (est. 54 days)andmated with never exposed, naive virgin females of a similar age. Offspring were observed for spontaneous activity and exploratory activity in a Stoelting Wheel (SWA) and a Calvin Hall Open Maze (CHOM) at 21 days of age. SWA was decreased by 33%andCHOM indicated a 40% decreased latency for initial exploration associated with greater outer and total square exploration. These observations are indicative of decreased onset but heightened exploratory activityin the outer square exploration activity squares.In conclusion, pre-fertilization cocaine exposure of spermatozoa may contribute to impaired learning and dopaminergic mediated thigmotaxic behavioral attributes of unclear origin in offspring of naive females.

This article looks to know the job of encounters and organizations of amiability in the country's stories among a gathering of financial specialists and heads having a place with different business relationship in These insights, portrayals and encounters were created inside the structure of the postulation Examination of the talk on Peruvian culture in the fundamental business relationship of Lima. Accordingly, research originates from the need to consider the most special areas of Peruvian culture from human sciences since it assists with seeing how force is practiced in Latin America.

The Balinese (ethnic people origin from Bali Island), who are Hindus, and the Sasaknese (ethnic people origin from Lombok Island), who are WetuTelu Muslims, perform the religious ritual at the same time at Lingsar Temple complex. It is unique that the same ritual is performed by two different groups of people with different faiths at the complex of Lingsar Temple. They also use the same worshipping medium of stones, which is referred to as Pedewaq . Therefore, it is necessary to identify the Pedewaq worshipping ritual which is performed by the Hindus and WetuTelu Muslims at Lingsar District, West Lombok Regency. The qualitative research method with anthropological approach is used in the study. The problems of the study were analyzed using the theory of religion as a cultural system which is proposed by Cifford Geertz, the theory of structural functionalism, and the theory of symbolic interactionism. They were all eclectically employed. The data were obtained using the participatory observation, in-depth interview, and documentation study. The material of the stone medium was investigated scientifically under X-ray diffractometer and X-ray fluorescence for crystal and element identification. The result of the study indicate that the Pedewaq worshipping ritual performed by the Hindus and WetuTelu Muslims in Lingsar District, West Lombok Regency causes the Hindus to enhance their sradha and bhakti .In addition, such a ritual also strengthens the belief of the WetuTelu Muslims in the traditions which have been carried out through the worshipping ritual using Pedewaq stone as the medium. The padeweq stone is found reach with Silicon (Si), Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca) and Aluminium (Al). The Padewaq stone samples also was found reach with crystal of andesine, jensenite and actinolite. In addition, the performance of such a worshipping ritual causes the people’s tolerance to increase, the creative economic opportunities to be more available, and the culture to be conserved. Apart from that, the performance of such a worshipping ritual also strengthens the religious tolerance in West Lombok, and maintains the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia

This dissertation addresses the increasingly important role visual media plays in the construction of human rights discourse in an attempt to denaturalise the idea of human rights in its western democratic context. This is a shift from other anthropological approaches which have focused on rights in ‘other’ contexts at the expense of naturalising and disguising the constructed nature of human rights in western democratic contexts. To research this I have followed selected images from campaign work of a major human rights organisation through their production, distribution and reception. I base my research on interviews with informants and participant observation as a volunteer with Amnesty UK and as a member of three local Amnesty groups. In doing so I develop an account of images that focusses on their place in social relations, rather than a textual analysis of their representational qualities. An approach that is increasingly prevalent in anthropological accounts of images, but that I believe to be unique as an approach to rights images.I put forward the argument over ten chapters that pictures are used by activists to facilitate a process of imaginative identification with distant others that staff at AIUK call 'empathy'. I examine this process of imaginative relating from both the point of view of staff, and of those publics that encounter images to argue that images mediate imaginative relations in ways that suggest a rethink of both 'empathy' as a concept, and human rights as a practice. In doing this I hope to develop understandings of human rights and visual media, and also rethink anthropology’s role in studying transient phenomena.

When archaeologists discuss the world’s archaic civilisations, the central Andes stand out for isolation and cultural distinctiveness. No other culture area achieved such complexity without a writing system or produced such surprising variations in cultural complexity. The Early Intermediate Period (EIP, cal 120 bce to 620 ce) witnessed evolutionary innovations – state government and the first cities, although the Andean solutions do not correspond well with ideal stages or types popular among cultural evolutionists. The EIP also inscribed unique character and strong variation into Andean cultures and ethnicities. For the first time identity and difference were self-consciously asserted in creative styles and distinctive mortuary practices. Multiethnic communities are indicated if style and identity correlate as much as archaeologists believe. As the EIP progressed, stylistic variability refocused into prominent regional expressions more expressive of inequality and status. With the onset of the Middle Horizon (MH, cal 620–1000 ce) a new unifying imagery crystallised in two great cities, Huari and Tiahuanaco. Representing a new religion whose pantheon was adopted more or less simultaneously by both centres, the cities and their expansionistic polities were nonetheless materially distinct and politically independent of one another. Each promoted distinctive material culture, mortuary preferences and political organisation. Yet they managed to act in concert to formalise and represent the new religious doctrine, and even to coordinate a geopolitical adventure into Peru’s far south coast. These are issues examined here, although limitations of space allow only a selection of Andean cultures. I have opted to highlight exciting new research findings, discussing Paracas/Nasca, Moche and Pucara of the EIP, Tiwanaku of the EIP and MH and Wari of the MH (Figure 2.25.1).

The aim of the article is to describe the change in the nature of the Ukrainian middleman (client) system from the second half of the first decade of the 21st century to the present. Research took place in Transcarpathia and Pilsen. In these regions, we observe new waves of migration, new legislative restrictions, and new internal, as well as external, strains. All of these factors have an influence on the migrants themselves, and on the Czech labour market. The article responds to the obvious need of re-thinking the structure and the role of the client system. Based on anthropological approaches, such as participant observations and interviews, the article summarises the results of the analysis of the current client system within the institutional theory of migration. The results of the pilot study show the growing extension of the structure of the client system as being a consequence of new migration trends and of the economic recession. We can observe the institutionalisation of aspects and the involvement of formal institutions in the system, as well as restrictions of the use of the Ukrainian middleman (client) system by Ukrainians in the Czech Republic and their displacement by migrants from the European Union, especially from Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia. The conclusion of the article shows the secondary transformation of the Ukrainian middleman system and its institutionalisation. All issues in this article were analysed using the anthropological micro-optic approach, and they attempt to establish a new discussion of the client system as such.