Applying an adapted theory of planned behavior to visiting art exhibitions

Introduction. Smoking is a phenomenon in society that emerged as an area of interest in research within the last decade, moreover due to the high prevalence in young adults. WHO reported that in 2008, Indonesia held the 3rd position out of 10 countries with highest population and cigarette consumption worldwide. High interest of cigarette consumption due to income and social status of individuals yielded such devastating effects in every aspects of life. High cigarette consumption had caused economic and social burden that never stopped to arise. Aizen and Fishbain described that interest was a good predictor to determine behavioral aspect of cigarette smoking in individual. Planned behavior theory stated that interest or intention were the closest determinant factors of behavior. From the above explanation, there were several factors that could alter one’s interest to quit smoking viewed from income and social status aspects. This research was conducted to determine factors that influenced interest in smoking consumption, including the aspects of income and social status toward the interests of active smokers in Palembang to quit their smoking behavior.
 Methods: The method used was qualitative research and data were taken by observations, focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview. The informants were 15 active smokers from various backgrounds in Palembang that were selected by purposive sampling technique. In FGD, out of 15 informants, 10 were taken and divided into 2 groups, and the rest 5 informants were chosen for in-depth interview.
 Results: Based on the three aspects of planned behavior theory, i.e. individual’s interest, subjective social norm, and behavioral control, the result showed that individual’s attitude did not influence the decision of active smokers to quit their smoking behavior, meant as not to quit but more inclined to reduce than to stop. Second, based on subjective social norm, from environment, parents, and peers, the result showed that this aspect could influence active smokers’ interest to quit smoking. Third, based on the aspect of behavioral control by individual’s income, the result showed that the income did not influence active smokers’ interest to quit smoking because they were more driven by their cravings for cigarette. Based on behavioral control by social status, the results showed that educational level and marriage status did have influence on active smokers to their smoking behavior, but not to stop, rather only to reduce. The aspect of jobs also did not have any influence on active smokers to quit their smoking behavior.
 Conclusion: The aspect of income and job-related social status did not have any influence on active smokers to quit their smoking behavior, while social status viewed from educational level and marriage status yielded the influence on active smokers, but more inclined to reduce than to stop.

PurposeEntrepreneurship is often seen as a journey filled with emotions. However, the literature lacks an empirical framework for how emotions relate to entrepreneurial intention. Drawing upon an extended view of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) that emotions may have a direct and/or indirect effect on intention, this study investigates how positive and negative emotions influence entrepreneurial intention.Design/methodology/approachApplying the partial least squares structural equation model in SmartPLS 4, the hypothesized relationships were examined with a sample of 553 survey respondents from Bangladesh during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. All respondents were Bangladeshi nationals.FindingsThis study found that positive emotions have both significant direct and indirect effects, whereas negative emotions only have a significant indirect effect on entrepreneurial intention through personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control. Contrary to the extant understanding, this study found no significant relationship between subjective norms and entrepreneurial intention. Notably, the results did not vary between the during- and post-COVID-19 periods.Originality/valueThis study adds valuable insights into the relatively unexplored field of entrepreneurial intention by extending the TPB and demonstrating how emotions relate to entrepreneurial intention.

What's the beef with gene editing? An investigation of factors influencing U.S. consumers’ acceptance of beef from gene-edited cattle

This research examined the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as predictor whistleblowing intention. According to TPB, it is difficult to posit whistleblowing as actual behavior. Whistleblowing is more suited to be posited as intention. Intent means the likelihood of actual behavior occurred. We examined attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control as TPB variables. We also investigated a few control variables such as colleagues support, organizational support, and fear of retaliation. The online survey was conducted in obtaining data by a web-based questionnaire. Participants of this survey were employees of regional owned east java bank. The number of respondents was 112 employees from all departments and units. Validity, reliability, regression, and path analysis were used in testing research instrument and several hypotheses. The result showed that attitudes and subjective norms as TPB variables have a significant impact on whistleblowing intention. However, perceived behavioral control does not affect whistleblowing intention. While, among several control variables, only fear of retaliation that has a significant effect on whistleblowing intention. Furthermore, this study also found empirical evidence that knowledge and subjective norms have an indirect effect on whistleblowing intention through attitudes. This research suggests that regional owned east java bank should provide an environment and channels to support whistleblowing within effectively, especially through protection and/or reward systems, or etc. JEL Classification: D23, G34, L23 DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v23i1.2714

ObjectiveThe objective of this three‐wave longitudinal study was to investigate the temporal precedence between the motivational drivers in self‐determination theory (SDT) and the social cognitive factors in theory of planned behaviour (TPB).MethodA total of 236 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery (Mage = 33.58 ± 10.03, range = 18 to 59; female = 46.2%) completed surveys assessing autonomous motivation from SDT, and attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intention from TPB, and rehabilitation adherence, at baseline (T1), and at 2 months (T2) and 4 months (T3) post‐baseline.ResultsIn a three‐wave cross‐lagged panel model, autonomous motivation prospectively related to subsequent attitude, subjective norms and PBC, whereas reverse paths were generally small; attitude showed a modest reciprocal link with autonomous motivation. Additionally, a mediation model revealed that T1 autonomous motivation had significant indirect effects on T3 rehabilitation adherence via T2 social cognitive factors and intention, whereas only T1 subjective norms had small indirect effects on T3 rehabilitation adherence through T2 autonomous motivation and intention.ConclusionsThese findings support the notion that autonomous motivation precedes social cognitive factors, as proposed in the integrated theoretical model of SDT and TPB. Future research, including experimental interventions, can use the integrated theoretical model to promote various health behaviours, such as rehabilitation protocols, healthy eating habits and hygiene practices.

The promotion of sustainable consumption plays an extremely important role in Vietnam’s National Green Growth Strategy. However, despite an increase in concerns about environmental issues, eco-friendly buying behaviors in general and organic food consumption in particular are still unpopular among Vietnamese consumers, leading to a question about the importance of situational factors, which this article focuses on. Based on attitudes; subjective norms; perceived norms, which are mentioned in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and consumer choice theory; and social norms from social categorization theory, the research created a questionnaire and then sent it to respondents who were in charge of buying food for their family in Hanoi. Then, 423 of the 570 responses received were used to create the structural equation model (SEM) with four distinct stages in AMOS statistical software, which evidences the crucial role of situational factors. Subjective norms and social norms have the highest positive impact on organic food purchase among households in Hanoi. Moreover, households’ organic food purchase is also positively affected by perceived behavior control and the availability of products but negatively affected by the price of products, which strongly fits with TPB, social categorization theory, and other studies. In particular, there is no evidence about relationships between knowledge of or attitude toward organic food and family income and organic food purchase among households in Hanoi. In addition, age and education status do not have any impact on respondents’ behavior in organic food purchase in this city. Finally, the authors propose some suggestions to promote organic food consumption among households in Hanoi. First is that businesses specializing in the production and supply of organic products should focus on customer care activities, innovate business models, and advertise to attract customers to use organic products. Second is that the government should issue regulations to encourage businesses to invest in the research and production of organic products as well as implement strict regulations to penalize violations in the production and supply of organic products.

Negative attitudes and beliefs about depression treatment may prevent many young adults from accepting a diagnosis and treatment for depression. We undertook a study to determine the association between depressive symptom severity, beliefs about and attitudes toward treatment, subjective social norms, and past behavior on the intent not to accept a physician's diagnosis of depression. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 10,962 persons aged 16 to 29 years who participated and had positive screening results on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) score in an Internet-based public health depression screening program. Participants reported whether they would accept their physician's diagnosis of depression. Based on the theory of reasoned action, we developed a multivariate model of the factors that predict intent not to accept a diagnosis of depression. Twenty-six percent of the participants stated their intent not to accept their physician's diagnosis of depression. Disagreeing that medications are effective in treating depression (strongly disagree, odds ratio ( OR ) = 6.5, 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.6-9.3), that there is a biological cause for depression (strongly disagree, OR = 1.9, 95% CI, 1.3-2.7), and agreeing that you would be embarrassed if your friends knew you had depression were associated with the intent not to accept a diagnosis of depression (strongly agree, OR = 2.3, 95% CI, 1.8-2.9). Beliefs and attitudes, subjective social norms, and past behavior explained most of the variance in this model (84%). Negative beliefs and attitudes, subjective social norms, and lack of past helpful treatment experiences are associated with the intent to not accept the diagnosis of depression and may contribute to low rates of treatment among young adults.

The speedy development of IT impacts organizational structure, task design, and the work method of employees. As these changes also affect the power and benefits of some employees, the development of IS is often deterred. The purpose of this study is to analyze the major factors influencing the political behavior of employees in information system development (ISD), and to understand the difference between MIS professionals and users. Two theories are used to create the research model: (1) The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and (2) Social Exchange Theory (SET). Many studies remind us that when people behave politically, they will plan (intend to act) before acting. However, the three stages, antecedent conditions, operating mechanisms and outcomes (Vredenburgh & Maurer, 1984; Robbins, 1992) of the political behavior process fail to reveal the intention process. As the study of political behavior in ISD explored in the context of TPB in order to understand the difference between ”MIS professionals” and ”users” is still rare, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a good vehicle for ascertaining an individual's intention with regard to political behavior. However, as there is still a lack of scholastic analyses on political behavior in ISD based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the impact of ISD factors, like personality and institute properties, should be considered. In view of this, the present study utilities two theories: TPB and SET to analyze the political behavior intention of ”MIS professionals” and ”users” in ISD, and to compare the differences between the two groups. TPB suggests that the best predictor of political behavior in ISD is determined by three basic factors: personal interest, personal perceived capabilities and social influence. The personal interest factor attitude toward political behavior, reflects the individual's intention to behave politically in ISD; the personal perceived behavioral control reflects the individual perception of political efficacy, controllability and resources that he/she can control. The social influence factor, subjective norm, refers to the individual perception of social pressure that pushes them to behave politically in the context of ISD. A person with a Machiavellian disposition, interacting with other people, always attempts to control them. Thus it is possible that the major variables in personality such as i1achiavellism till have an influence on an employee's attitude, subjective norm, perceived political behavioral control and perceived political efficacy. The SET suggests that political behavior in ISD is fundamentally a social exchange behavior. The expectations of reward either from others or from the organization determine the attitude toward an employee's political behavior in ISD. Thus the major variables in SET such as trust, commitment, common values and power might have an influence on employee attitude and subjective norm. In view of this, these variables are included in the research model. In the TPB, these results show that: (1) Attitudes only have a significant effect on MIS professionals' intention with regard to political behavior but do not have a significant effect on those of users. It is possible that MIS professionals have more IS professional Knowledge, permitting them to decide whether or not to accommodate IS by themselves. In contrast, users will not employ political behavior if they have no intensive knowledge of how to do it. Further in the ”forming coalitions” scenario, following others is more adequate than not. (2) The subjective norm, perceived political behavior control, and perceived political efficacy in ISD have significant effects on the intention of both MIS professionals and users. The subjective norm results match the findings of Robinson and Shaver (1973). In this cooperation-is-necessary scenario, players will take into consideration the opinions of important others because they need their support. The perceived political behavior control results are consistent with the studies of Renshon (1974) and Bandura (1986). Irrespective of the role played by employees in the organization, they will engage in political behavior as long as they have controllability. On the practical level of TPB, the implication that management administrators can draw from this is principally that they must understand the employees' roles in the organization and then either eradicate the climate of alliance among employees in the ISD process, or avoid the concentration of duty on individuals. If the status, power and self-interest of employees is reduced and affected by IS, then they will have the intention to behave politically in ISD. Therefore, managers should prevent this before ISD, in order to reduce the risk of ISD failure. With regard to the external factors, the results show that: (1) Machiavellism has a significant effect on both MIS professionals' and users' attitudes, subjective norms, perceived political behavior control, and perceived political efficacy in ISD. In addition, the relationship between strong Machiavellism and political behavior intention is confirmed. (2) In the SET, A. Power type: Type Ⅰ power (negative), type Ⅱ power (positive), and type Ⅳ-B power (negative) for MIS professionals have significant effects on attitude. However Type Ⅰ power and type Ⅲ power for users have a significant negative effect on attitude, with type Ⅲ power for users only having a significant negative effect on subjective norm. The types of employees' power are dynamic, and thus, there is no constant relationship between them and different kinds of political behavior in ISD. These results are inconsistent with the findings of McClelland (1975). B. Common values: This has a significant effect on the attitudes of 1IS professionals only in ISD. C. Commitment: This has a significant effect on the subjective norms of MIS professionals only in ISD. D. Trust: This has significant effects on the attitudes of MIS professionals and the subjective norms of users. On the practical level, among the external factors, only Machiavellism has a significant effect on the attitudes and subjective norms of users. Common value, commitment and trust have a significant effect on MIS professionals' attitudes or subjective norms with regard to political behavior in ISD. However, only trust has a significant effect on users' subjective norms with regard to political behavior in ISD. Therefore, when there is a need to recruit new employees in an organization, it might be useful for management administrators to measure the Machiavellism of selectees, as this is a possible means by which negative political behavior in ISD will be minimized. On the other hand, they should consider the employees' roles in the organization, arouse their sense of common values and commitment to the organization, and promote a climate of trust within the organization. This is perhaps another way to reduce the possibility of political behavior in the ISD. Finally, this study seeks to propose a political behavior intention model in ISD, and to offer other researchers and management administrators some insight into political behavior in the ISD discipline.

BackgroundThis study aims to examine the relationships between involvement in Physical Activity (PA), love for nature, attitudes, subjective norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) toward, and intentions to perform eco-friendly behaviors. A general feeling of connectedness to nature and related attitudes has been shown to promote eco-friendly behaviors. However, the specific pathways through which this connectedness influences behavior have not been systematically examined.MethodParticipants were 672 students aged 9–13 years old (M = 11.28, SD = 0.68) who completed several instruments measuring PA, the love and care for nature, and, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), attitudes, subjective norms, PBC, and intentions to perform eco-friendly behaviors. Also, a list of pro-environmental behaviors, PA related behavior and energy-saving behaviors were distributed.ResultsSerial-parallel mediation analyses showed that PA significantly (positively) predicted love for nature, which in turn significantly (positively) predicted attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC. These three TPB constructs significantly (positively) predicted students’ intentions to act in eco-friendly ways. In turn, intentions significantly (positively) predicted all three categories of eco-friendly behaviors. The models revealed significant direct and indirect effects, supporting a robust pathway from PA to sustainable behaviors via psychological and attitudinal mediators.ConclusionThe findings underscore the value of the TPB in understanding how PA and a love for nature contribute to the development of positive attitudes, perceived social norms, and control beliefs related to eco-friendly behaviors among students. This study highlights the importance of fostering both PA and a connection with nature in educational settings, as these factors play a pivotal role in shaping students’ attitudes, subjective norms, PBC, intentions, and actual engagement in sustainable, eco-friendly actions. Future interventions to promote environmental responsibility among youth should integrate activities that foster both nature connectedness and active lifestyles within urban settings.

This study evaluated the effects of a continuing education class that applied the theory of planned behavior to the intentions and behavior of mental health practitioners. In 2006 a total of 94 mental health practitioners were randomly assigned to either a standard continuing education class or one that applied principles of the theory of planned behavior. The class topic was a brief, self-report tool that assesses felt need for employment among people with serious mental illnesses. Participants' intentions to apply the tool were evaluated before and after each class. Participants' implementation of the tool was measured three months after the class. The class guided by the theory of planned behavior significantly and substantially increased the participants' intentions to use the tool in comparison with the standard class. Significantly more participants in the theory-guided class than in the standard class (74% versus 42%) had applied the tool by the three-month follow-up. Among those who implemented the assessment tool, the participants in the theory of planned behavior class also assessed significantly more of their caseload. The theory of planned behavior can improve and may be well suited to continuing education in psychiatry.

IntroductionTo promote patients’ referral across healthcare institutions and integrated care delivery, we identified predictors of physicians’ behaviour and intention to refer patients in a county medical consortium in China on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).MethodsThis census-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Yangxi Hospital Group (YHG). All physicians in county hospitals and township health centres were invited to participate. Structural equation modelling was employed to analyse the relationships between referral intention and behaviour and other TPB variables in the group of whole participants and in sub-groups.ResultsIn total, 330 physicians participated in this study. One-third of participants were general practitioners, and half of them were from county hospitals. Referral behaviour of females (χ2 = 20.372, p < 0.001), who had lower education levels (χ2 = 17.859, p = 0.001), lower professional title (χ2 = 14.963, p = 0.005), and lower monthly salary (χ2 = 33.753, p < 0.001) were less frequent than the others. Among them, 116 (35.2%), 108 (32.7%), and 106 (32.1%) respondents reported that they had never referred patients, had referred patients 1–9 times, and had referred patients over 10 times during the past 3 months, respectively. The mean score of referral intention was 4.23/5 (SD = 0.71). In the model with all participants, a stronger referral intention (β = 0.218, 95% CI = 0.080–0.356) was associated with more frequent referral behaviour. The subjective norm (β = 0.703, 95% CI = 0.590–0.817) was the strongest predictor of physicians’ referral intention, followed by perceived behavioural control (β = 0.234, 95% CI = 0.090–0.378). Mediated by referral intention, subjective norms (β = 0.153, p < 0.01) and perceived behavioural control (β = 0.190, p < 0.01) had significant indirect effects on physicians’ referral behaviour. The model with participants in county hospitals showed similar results to the model with all participants. Meanwhile, in the model with participants in township health centres, there were no significant associations between referral behaviour and other TPB constructs.ConclusionPhysicians’ referral behaviour was influenced by intention, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control in Chinese county hospitals.

Cesarean delivery on maternal request is one of the important public health issues in China. Our study aimed to apply the theory of planned behaviour to comprehensively determine the factors regarding pregnant women's preference for cesarean section and to provide references for establishing measures to reduce cesarean delivery on maternal request. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted in four women's and children's hospitals in China from May to June 2018. Eligible women arriving for routine antenatal visits at these hospitals were recruited to answer a structured questionnaire. A total of 1853 pregnant women consented to participate in the investigation, with a response rate of 88.75%. Finally, 1677 pregnant women (984 nulliparae and 693 multiparae) were involved in the analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used. Of the study participants, 20.39% preferred cesarean section. For both nulliparae and multiparae, those who had lower scores of attitudes towards vaginal delivery, lower scores of childbirth self-efficacy and higher scores of subjective norms were more likely to prefer cesarean section. Pregnant women's birth preferences were significantly associated with their attitudes towards the delivery mode, childbirth self-efficacy and subjective norms, which is consistent with the theory of planned behaviour. Interventions to reduce cesarean delivery on maternal request can be developed based on the theory of planned behaviour.

This study tested how well Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action predicted respiratory care practitioners' participation intentions for completing a baccalaureate degree through distance education. The significant predictor variables, attitude and subjective social norm, yielded R2 = .46 which was validated through a within-study replication. The predictor variables, subjective personal norm and perceived behavioral control, did not achieve significance. Tests of the model's explanatory role showed moderate to high correlations between attitude and beliefs (r = .50) and subjective social norm and beliefs (r = .70). This study further supports the use of the theory of reasoned action for predicting participation intentions within continuing professional education (CPE). It also demonstrated that significant predictor variables might vary according to the specific population and context under study. This paper concludes with recommendations for research needed to refine the use of the theory of reasoned action within CPE.

Depression and anxiety are common mental health comorbidities found among women living with breast cancer. The presence of these mental healthcomorbidities results in decreased quality of life among patients. However, the indirect effects of depression and anxiety on quality of life have not been fully established. This study therefore examined the direct and indirect effects of depression and anxiety on quality of life through social support and religiosity. Using a cross-sectional survey, 205 purposively selected participants were administered measures of depression and anxiety, social support, religiosity and quality of life. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) with PROCESS Macro was used for mediation analyses. Findings showed that there were significant direct negative effects of depression and anxiety on quality of life. Whereas depression had a significant negative indirect effect on quality of life through social support (b = - 0.247, 95% CI = - 0.482 to - 0.071), anxiety had a significant positive indirect effect on quality of life through social support (b = 0.142, 95%CI = 0.011 to 0.324). However, depression and anxiety did not have any significant indirect effect on quality of life through religiosity. These findings suggest that there is the need to examine the mental health of women living with breast cancer as part of the routine healthcare, and social support ties should be strengthened to improve their quality of life.

Objective: Hand washing and sleep hygiene are two important health behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the motivational and volitional antecedents of college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors based on an integrated model of behavior that combined social-cognition constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Methods: Using a prospective design, college students (N = 1106) completed a survey assessing the motivational constructs of action self-efficacy, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene at Time 1. Demographic variables were also collected. One month later, at Time 2, college students (N = 524) self-reported on their volitional factors of maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, coping planning, and behaviors of hand washing and sleep hygiene. A further 2 months later, at Time 3, college students (N = 297) were asked to self-report on their hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors over the past month. Findings: Data were analyzed using variance-based structural equation modelling. Results showed significant direct effects of attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intentions; significant direct effects of action self-efficacy on maintenance self-efficacy; and significant direct effects of maintenance self-efficacy on action planning and coping planning. Significant direct effects of intention on action planning (sleep hygiene only), and significant direct effects of intention, maintenance self-efficacy (hand washing only), action and coping planning on behavior were also observed. Action planning also moderated the intention–behavior relationship, but only for hand washing. There were also significant total indirect effects of action self-efficacy on behavior mediated by maintenance self-efficacy, action planning, and coping planning for both behaviors, and significant total indirect effects of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on behavior mediated by intention for sleep hygiene. When past behavior was included in the integrated model predicting all the psychological variables and behavior, all of the structural relations were attenuated. Discussion: Current findings indicate that college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene behaviors are a function of both motivational and volitional factors. Findings also indicate that the TPB and HAPA pathways might differ for the two health behaviors. Implications of the current findings for future health interventions aimed at improving college students’ hand washing and sleep hygiene are discussed.