Abstract
Abstract When compared to the unexploited environments in which organismal life histories evolved, hunting and fishing impose additional sources of extrinsic mortality often several times greater than natural mortality. This has direct consequences for lx and potentially bx. Efforts to achieve sustainable exploitation, which are often based on the concept of maximum sustainable yield, depend on how natural (M) and harvest-induced (F) mortality change with age. For data-poor populations, life-history based approximations can be used to estimate key parameters, such as M. Complex and simple methods are used in the setting of fishery management reference points related to population size and fishing mortality; reference points define targets and limits to guide sustainable harvesting efforts. Exploitation has potential to effect evolution. By selectively removing individuals on the basis of size or age, or by simply imposing an unduly high F that is random with respect to phenotype, harvest-induced evolution has potential to alter life histories in aquatic and terrestrial animals.
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