Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), which has received much interest in its use and further development for industrial applications, is a method that offers some advantages over conventional methods, especially for the palm oil industry. SC-CO2 refers to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as a solvent which is a nontoxic, inexpensive, nonflammable, and nonpolluting supercritical fluid solvent for the extraction of natural products. Almost 100% oil can be extracted and it is regarded as safe, with organic solvent-free extracts having superior organoleptic profiles. The palm oil industry is one of the major industries in Malaysia that provides a major contribution to the national income. Malaysia is the second largest palm oil and palm kernel oil producer in the World. This paper reviews advances in applications of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of oils from natural sources, in particular palm oil, minor constituents in palm oil, producing fractionated, refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil, palm kernel oil and purified fatty acid fractions commendable for downstream uses as in toiletries and confectionaries.
Highlights
The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology has advanced tremendously since its inception and is a method of choice in many food processing industries
Conventional Extraction of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil In Malaysia, three methods are being used for extracting palm oil and palm kernel oil: screw press, direct solvent extraction, and pre-pressing followed by solvent extraction [46]
Method using SC-CO2 as a solvent that can minimize wastewater compared to conventional mechanical extraction
Summary
The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology has advanced tremendously since its inception and is a method of choice in many food processing industries. The most recent advances of SFE applications in food science, natural products, by-product recovery, pharmaceutical and environmental sciences have been published in extensive reviews [1] The authors of these papers discussed comprehensively the applications of SFE to extract high value compounds from food and natural products, as well as heavy metals recovery, enantiomeric resolution or drug delivery systems and the development of new separation techniques, such as using supercritical fluids to separate components of the extract, resulting in augmented quality and purity [2]. Temperature, particle size and sample pre-treatment are most important factors in oils as well as high value bioactive desired compounds extraction from the natural sources using supercritical fluid, because of the influence they have on the quality of the extracts. The main aim of this review paper is to give a detailed and updated discussion and analysis on research that has been conducted on the use of SFE in the extraction of oils, with special reference to palm oil, palm kernel oil and other oils from natural sources
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