Applications of Nanoparticles-based Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common causes of death in both developing and developed countries worldwide. Even though there have been improvements in primary prevention, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases continues to increase in recent years. Hence, it is crucial to both investigate the molecular pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases in-depth and find novel biomarkers regarding the early and proper prevention and diagnosis of these diseases. MicroRNAs, or miRNAs, are endogenous, conserved, single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 21-25 nucleotides in length. miRNAs have important roles in various cellular events such as embryogenesis, proliferation, vasculogenesis, apoptosis, cell growth, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. They also have potential roles in the cardiovascular system, including angiogenesis, cardiac cell contractility, control of lipid metabolism, plaque formation, the arrangement of cardiac rhythm, and cardiac cell growth. Circulating miRNAs are promising novel biomarkers for purposes of the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Cell or tissue specificity, stability in serum or plasma, resistance to degradative factors such as freeze-thaw cycles or enzymes in the blood, and fast-release kinetics, provide the potential for miRNAs to be surrogate markers for the early and accurate diagnosis of disease and for predicting middle- or long-term prognosis. Moreover, it may be a logical approach to combine miRNAs with traditional biomarkers to improve risk stratification and long-term prognosis. In addition to their efficacy in both diagnosis and prognosis, miRNA-based therapeutics may be beneficial for treating cardiovascular diseases using novel platforms and computational tools and in combination with traditional methods of analysis. microRNAs are promising, novel therapeutic agents, which can affect multiple genes using different signaling pathways. miRNAs therapeutic modulation techniques have been used in the settings of atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, restenosis, vascular remodeling, arrhythmias, hypertrophy and fibrosis, angiogenesis and cardiogenesis, aortic aneurysm, pulmonary hypertension, and ischemic injury. This review presents detailed information about miRNAs regarding structure and biogenesis, stages of synthesis and functions, expression profiles in serum/plasma of living organisms, diagnostic and prognostic potential as novel biomarkers, and therapeutic applications in various diseases.

Maintenance pharmacotherapy of mild and moderate COPD: What is the Evidence?

The completion of the Human Genome Project has unleashed a wealth of human genomics information, but it remains unclear how best to implement this information for the benefit of patients. The standard approach of biomedical research, with researchers pursuing advances in knowledge in the laboratory and, separately, clinicians translating research findings into the clinic as much as decades later, will need to give way to new interdisciplinary models for research in genomic medicine. These models should include scientists and clinicians actively working as teams to study patients and populations recruited in clinical settings and communities to make genomics discoveries-through the combined efforts of data scientists, clinical researchers, epidemiologists, and basic scientists-and to rapidly apply these discoveries in the clinic for the prediction, prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The highly publicized US Precision Medicine Initiative, also known as All of Us, is a large-scale program funded by the US National Institutes of Health that will energize these efforts, but several ongoing studies such as the UK Biobank Initiative; the Million Veteran Program; the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network; the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment and Health; and the DiscovEHR collaboration are already providing exemplary models of this kind of interdisciplinary work. In this statement, we outline the opportunities and challenges in broadly implementing new interdisciplinary models in academic medical centers and community settings and bringing the promise of genomics to fruition.

HIV Infection and Cardiovascular Disease

Saliva: The precious body fluid

It's Not All About that Base Weight: Chipping the Glass Ceiling of Women's Cardiovascular Health.

Nanotechnology has opened new windows for biomedical researches and treatment of diseases. Nanostructures with flower-like shapes (nanoflowers) which have exclusive morphology and properties have been interesting for many researchers. In this review, various applications of nanoflowers in biomedical researches and patents from various aspects have been investigated and reviewed. Nanoflowers attracted serious attentions in whole biomedical fields such as cardiovascular diseases, microbiology, sensors and biosensors, biochemical and cellular studies, cancer therapy, healthcare, etc. The competitive power of nanoflowers against other in use technologies provides successful achievements in the progress of mentioned biomedical studies. The use of nanoflowers in biomedicine leads to improving accuracy, reducing time to achieve the results, reducing costs, creating optimal treatment conditions as well as avoiding side effects of the treatment of specific diseases, and increasing functional strength.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies applied to the medical and biomedical fields are contemporary topics in rapid development, offering significant benefits, in addition to presenting challenges and promising future perspectives for advances in diagnostics. AI makes it possible to identify complex patterns in imaging exams, laboratory and genetic tests, which are often challenging for human analysis, enhancing the early detection of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE: Investigate through current literature the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical areas, with particular emphasis on the biomedical field. METHODOLOGY: Literature review using the main databases. CONCLUSIONS: This scientific work shows the relationship between new treatment technologies and the performance of biomedical professionals, who play a fundamental role in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. AI has been transforming medicine, bringing significant advances in diagnoses, treatments, and health care management. However, for these benefits to be fully realized, it is crucial to address challenges related to data security, ethics, professional qualification, and legal regulations.

Cardiovascular disease is still a disease with high incidence rate and mortality. Although advanced technology continues to increase our understanding of cardiovascular disease, its diagnosis and treatment still have limitations. As an emerging interdisciplinary method, nanotechnology has shown enormous clinical application potential. Nanomaterials have unique physical and chemical properties, which help to improve the sensitivity and specificity of biosensor technology and molecular imaging technology in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. This paper first summarizes the versatility of nanomaterials, the physicochemical adjustability of biomolecular engineering, the design strategy of nanoparticles in cardio cerebral Vascular disease, the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of common cardiovascular diseases, and the use of nanomaterials can significantly improve the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and therapeutic effect. Subsequently, the article summarized various nanomaterials. Finally, the article demonstrated the potential of the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory and photoelectric/photothermal properties of nanomaterials to be directly applied to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Despite nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have aroused broad research interest in the biomedical fields, the rising challenges such as easy recognition by the immune system and low accumulation in diseased sites significantly hinder their further clinical translation. Nanoparticles wrapped in cell membrane have emerged as a distinctive strategy to overcome these limitations due to the superior marriage of natural cell membrane and artificial nanomaterials, which endow them with prominent advantages in disease diagnosis and treatment, such as targeted drug transport, prolonged drug half-life, and diminished immunogenicity and cytotoxicity. In this review, we mainly highlight and discuss the evolving progresses and advantages of cell membrane-based biomimetic nanosystems in the detection and treatment of various diseases over the past five years, including oncology, bacterial infections, brain diseases, and inflammatory diseases, which would benefit researchers in better and comprehensively understanding the complicated microenvironment of diseases and developing personalized biomimetic nanomedicines for different diseases. The current challenges and potential opportunities for the future clinical translation of cell membrane coating nanotechnology are also covered.

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are 21-23 nucleotide-long non-protein-coding RNAs discovered in C. elegans in 1993 that resist endogenous RNase activity. More than one hundred miRNAs were discovered in samples from healthy humans and identified as circulating miRNAs. These small RNAs function as regulatory elements in many cellular events. miRNAs act by reducing the expression of the target gene.Although the use of miRNAs in cardiovascular health has not yet been supported by clinical trials, recent studies have suggested that they can be used as clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the promising results of current studies support potential future applications of miRNA therapeutics. In this paper, the action mechanisms of miRNAs and their potential use as a biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases are mentioned.

Cardiovascular disease is a common chronic disease in the medical field, which has a great impact on the health of Chinese residents (especially the elderly). At present, the effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in my country is not optimistic. Overall, the prevalence and mortality of CVD are still on the rise. The timely and effective detection and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are of great practical significance to improve the health of residents and to carry out prevention and treatment. This article aims to study the application of ultrasound-based virtual reality technology in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnosis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by medical staff. The focus is on the application of feature attribute selection related algorithms and classification related algorithms in medical and health diagnosis systems, and a cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease diagnosis system based on naive Bayes algorithm and improved genetic algorithm is designed and developed. The system builds a diagnostic model for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diagnoses and displays the corresponding results based on the patient's examination data. This paper first puts forward the theoretical concepts of ultrasonic virtual reality technology, scientific computing visualization, genetic algorithm, naive Bayes algorithm, and surgery simulation system and describes them in detail. Then, we construct a three-dimensional ultrasonic virtual measurement system, from the collection and reconstruction of image data to the filtering and segmentation of image data, plus the application of three-dimensional visualization and virtual reality technology to construct a three-dimensional measurement system. The experimental results in this paper show that 10 isolated congenital heart disease models with atrial septal defect (ASD) established through the use of three-dimensional visualization and virtual reality technology measured the short diameter, long diameter, and area of the atrial septal defect in the left and right atria. Finally, a value of L less than 0.05 indicates that the statistics are meaningful, and a value of r generally greater than 0.9 indicates that the virtual measurement result is highly correlated with the real measurement result.

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a technique to manipulate trajectories of polarisable particles in nonuniform electric fields by utilizing unique dielectric properties. The manipulation of a cell using DEP has been demonstrated in various modes, thereby indicating potential applications in the biomedical field. In this review, recent DEP applications in the biomedical field are discussed. This review is intended to highlight research work that shows significant approach related to DEP application in biomedical field reported between 2016 and 2020. First, single-shell model and multiple-shell model of cells are introduced. Current device structures and recently introduced electrode patterns for DEP applications are discussed. Second, the biomedical uses of DEP in liquid biopsies, stem cell-based therapies, and diagnosis of infectious diseases due to bacteria and viruses are presented. Finally, the challenges in DEP research are discussed, and the reported solutions are explained. DEP's potential research directions are mentioned.

Brain diseases pose a great threat to human health worldwide, thus it is of great importance to explore new materials for their diagnosis and therapy. Compared with the ultraviolet (UV) and visible light, near infrared (NIR) light has better biosafety, lower tissue auto‐fluorescence, and stronger penetration into skull. Hence, NIR light responsive materials have attracted great attention recently which can not only realize the high spatial resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio imaging for diagnosis, but also achieve effective NIR light triggered treatment noninvasively. Besides, the brain lesions can be visualized clearly by NIR imaging, which can provide more accurate information for guiding treatments. Therefore, this work systematically summarizes the recent advances of NIR light responsive materials for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Firstly, this work briefly reviews the pathological features of blood brain barrier (BBB) and the rational design of materials to target brain disease. Then, the emerging approaches for diagnosis and treatment of various brain diseases with NIR light responsive materials are introduced. Subsequently, the imaging‐guided therapies are elaborated, such as the fluorescence imaging guided surgery and sonodynamic therapy. Finally, some challenges and prospects on the design of NIR light responsive materials for precise diagnosis and therapy of brain diseases are put forward.

Objective To study the accuracy and sensitivity of ultrasound low frequency probe between low frequency probe combined with high frequency probe in the diagnosis of neonatal craniocerebral diseases. Methods Ninety newborns with high risk factors of craniocerebral diseases (premature delivery, low body weight, multiple pregnancies, hypoxic asphyxia and intrapartum infection) admitted to Heyuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018 were selected as the study subjects. All newborns were divided into two groups by random number table method. The study group (45 cases) was given a low-frequency probe combined with a high-frequency probe for exploration, and the control group (45 cases) was only given a low-frequency probe for exploration. Combined with gold standard CT examination and clinical treatment, the accuracy and sensitivity of the two groups of detection methods were compared. Results The diagnostic accuracy of the study group for the detection of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intraventricular hemorrhage and subependymal hemorrhage were 87.5%, 100%, 100%, respectively, higher than the corresponding control group (15.38%, 12.5%, 0%), the difference was statistically significant (P 0.05). The efficiency of the study group for detecting neonatal brain disease was 82.22%, which was higher than that of the control group (22.22%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Ultrasonic low frequency probe combined with high frequency probe could improve the accuracy of diagnosis of neonatal craniocerebral diseases such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intraventricular hemorrhage and subependymal hemorrhage, and diagnoses neonatal brain parenchymal hemorrhage and hydrocephalus. There is no difference in the accuracy rate, and it is sensitive to the diagnosis of craniocerebral diseases, so it has important clinical value. Key words: Newborn; Brain disease; Ultrasound; Low frequency probe; High frequency probe