Application of Growth Regulators and Protectors in citrullus lanatus (thunb.) Seedlings under Biosaline Water Conditions

The aim and tasks of the study. The aim of this work was to study the impact of modern plant growth regulators and micronutrients on seed productivity, economic efficiency, get more number of seeds, mainly it was accelerated seed multiplication of new varieties of winter wheat and spring barley it is in seed crops these cultures. Material and methods. Research conducted in the fields of laboratory seedproduction and seedmaintenance Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev NAAS on the winter wheat varieties of Rozkishna and Doskonala and barley spring Wiklik and Parnas. Research methods field and laboratory. The predecessor of winter wheat – black couples and spring barley – peas, sow winter wheat and barley started from the super elite and up to the first generation in the period 2011–2013, in optimal time, continuous ordinary way with a seeding rate of 4.5 million units per1 ha, drill SKS-10. In addition to the plant growth regulators of the new generation of Radhostim, Regoplant, Stimpo, Deimos, Vimpel K and microfertilizers Quantum-grain, apply protectant Vitavaks 200 FF, herbicide Grodil Maxi and mineral fertilizer Nitroammophoska. Results and discussion. The best preparation for presowing treatment of seeds and dual-use on winter wheat varieties Rozkishna is Stimpo (increase of 0.29 t/ha or 5 %). When growing varieties Doskonala the best drugs for the treatment of seeds were Regoplant and Vimpel K (increase 0.22–0.23 t/ha or 4 %), and for dual-use Deimos and Vimpel K in combination with microfertilizers Quantum-grain (increase of 0.28 t/ha or 5 %). The best method of application of plant growth regulators and microfertilizers when growing seeds of spring barley varieties Wiklik is spraying the plants with tank mixtures of drugs Regoplant and Quantum-grain in the tillering stage and drugs Regoplant or Quantum-grain phase flag leaf (an increase of 0.23–0.31 in t/ha or 6–10 %), and varieties Parnas spraying plants, tank mixtures of drugs Radostim and Quantum-grain in the tillering stage and drugs Radostim or Quantum-grain phase flag leaf (increase to 0.22–0.28 t/ha or 6–8 %). Application of plant growth regulators and microfertilizer contributed to the obtaining of additional profit on winter wheat: a super-elite on 575–2450 uah/ha, elite 209–422 uah/ha, the first generation to 294–551 uah/ha, spring barley: super elite on 1610–3100 uah/ha, elite 522–1155 uah/ha, the first generation to 133–512 uah/ha. And also helped to get more number of seeds of the first generation of winter wheat in the range 586–873 t and spring barley 83–179 t. Conclusions: Annual application of modern plant growth regulators, microfertilizer and pesticides in the process of breeding new varieties, allows to increase the production of seeds in each stage of seed with improved high-yielding properties, which is an effective measure to accelerate their introduction into production. The effectiveness of the developed methods for increasing seed yield of winter wheat and barley depends on the drug and how it is used.

Exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) has vital impact on the growth and productivity of plants. Foliar application of selected PGRs, viz. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KIN), thidiazuron (TDZ), gibberellic acid (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), homobrassinosteroids (HBR), and triacontanol (TRIA), were carried out in order to assess the effects on growth of two cultivars (Rosea and Alba) of Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don. The Rosea and Alba plants were sprayed with PGRs (10−7 M) at 60 days after planting (DAP). Shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights, leaf-area index, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content, net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities, and leaf essential nutrients (N, P, and K) were analyzed at 150 DAP while yield attributes and total alkaloids of leaves and roots, contents of vincristine and vinblastine alkaloids were measured at 210 DAP. The results showed that HBR significantly improved most of the growth attributes. Application of HBR, KIN, and GA3 resulted in the ameliorative effects on plant productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to the unsprayed (control) plants. The effect of TDZ was not significantly different than the control plants. GA3 application significantly increased the vincristine content (7.3%) while TDZ exhibited reduced vincristine content. The effect of other PGR was insignificant towards vincristine and vinblastine contents. The response of Rosea toward exogenous PGRs application was better than Alba in terms of crop productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters, and alkaloid production.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of salinity and water stress on the physiological and functional characteristics of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two environments. In each environment, water stress at two irrigation levels (after 90 and 120 mm of pan evaporation) and with two EC of 1.5 and 10 dS/m in the main plots and spraying of PGRs including salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and cytokinins (CK) (purine) content with a concentration of 100 ppm and the control treatment (spraying solution with normal water) were placed in subplots. Results indicated that all treatments caused significant increases in functional and qualitative characteristics and yield of Triticum aestivum L. The saline environment and irrigation level after 120 mm of pan evaporation caused a reduction in grain yield in all traits except for seed proline, seed nitrogen content, and seed protein content. Also, the combined foliar application of GA3 + CK + SA increased yield in most traits. The highest RWC of flag leaves was observed in the foliar application of GA3 + SA (3.36 kg/ha) and then in the foliar application of GA3 + SA + CK (57.87 kg/ha). GA3 interacts with PGR spraying to balance another development under saline and non-saline conditions.

Purpose. To develop the element for regulating the formation of seed yield and the seeding properties of Bromus inermis through the application of Medax Top growth regulator from the time of tillering to the stem elongation of seed crops. To establish its effect on the growth of plants, their height, productive density, the number and mass of grains in inflorescences, the power of growth and seed germination. Methods. Field, visual, measuring, weight, quantitative, test sheaf method, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. Results. The results of scientific research aimed at creating favorable conditions for the formation of seed productivity of Bromus inermis and its seeding properties through the application of Medax Top plant growth regulator in the sixth-eighth period of organogenesis, i.e. from the beginning of tillering to the stem elongation of seed crops are presented. Its effect on increasing plant resistance to lodging, reducing plant height, increasing productive shoot formation, the number and mass of grains in inflorescence, improving seeding properties, in particular, the power of growth and seed germination, which contributed to the formation of seed yield of 343—354 kg/ha or 47—58 kg/ha more compared to the control without application of the plant growth regulator. Conclusions. Application of Medax Top plant growth regulator at the rate of 0.5—1.0 l/ha in the seed crops of Bromus inermis of Vseslav cultivar during the growing season is effective from the beginning of tillering to the stem formation, it contributes to an increase in its seed productivity by 5.0—21.2 % and provides conditional net profit of 5,179—5,288 UAH/ha.

Background and Objectives: Cadmium contamination has decreased crops quality and quantity due to its uptake by plants and inhibition of its proper growth. Plants of Brassicacea family like black mustard have a high growth capacity in heavy metals polluted conditions. Some rhizobacteria can help to the movements of heavy metals in the soil. Plant growth regulators also have an important role in the induction of plant reactions to most of abiotic stresses such as heavy metals. The aim of this experiment was the evaluation of effect of growth promoting rhizobacteria, salicylic acid and brassinosteroid on reduction of cadmium stress effects in black mustard. Materials and Methods: In order to study the effects of growth promoting rhizobacteria and plant growth regulators on physiological properties of black mustard under cadmium stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications at research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. Experimental treatments included two cadmium levels (0 and 100 milligrams per kilograms of soil), three levels of rhizobacteria (control, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas) and three levels of growth regulators (control, Salicylic acid, Brasinosteroid). Before planting the seeds were inoculated with rhizobacteria and also growth regulators were sprayed in two stages during growth period on plants. After harvest some traits including MDA, proline, soluble sugars, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability index and secondary metabolites were measured. Results: Results of means comparisons indicated that cadmium application by some effects including oxidative stress induction, increased MDA, proline, soluble sugars, phenol and flavonoid contents of leaves and decreased chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and anthocyanin contents, membrane stability index and plant yield. Malondialdehyde and proline contents were reduced significantly by rhizobacteria inoculation and growth regulators application and phenol and flavonoid contents as well as plant yield were enhanced in both cadmium levels by rhizobacteria. Whereas growth regulators spray increased chlorophylls a and b contents, soluble sugars, membrane stability index, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and plant yield and also the rhizobacteria enhanced soluble sugars, anthocyanin content and membrane stability index significantly. In addition, there was no significant difference between salicylic acid and brassinosteroid in all traits and pseudomonas inoculation compared to azospirillum indicated a significant superiority regarding some traits including membrane stability index and plant yield. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cadmium contamination via the oxidative stress induction leaded to cell membrane destruction and increasing malondialdehyde content and also it resulted decreasing chlorophyll content of plant that is associated with increasing proline synthesis under stress condition. As a result of cadmium contamination stress, the activity of carbohydrates synthesis enzymes was increased and resulted increasing soluble sugars content and consequently increasing secondary metabolites content. By the application of rhizobacteria and plant growth regulators, the effects of oxidative stress were decreased and it leaded to enhancing membrane stability and reducing malondialdehyde content. Additionally, these treatments increased chlorophyll production and decreased proline content. By increasing chlorophyll content affected by these treatments, soluble sugars production in plants was increased and it resulted increasing secondary metabolites production in plant. Considering these results, the application of growth regulators and growth promoting rhizobacteria in order to decrease cadmium stress effects on black mustard grown in contaminated soils is recommended.

Core Ideas Averaged across all plant growth regulator (PGR) application rates and timings, grain yields increased 5% across the four study years compared to no PGR application. Plant growth regulator applied at 12 oz/ac decreased lodging 67 to 83% compared to untreated plots in all three years that lodging occurred. Rates >12 oz/ac decreased plant height an additional 1.6 to 1.8 inches but offered no yield benefit. Despite a lack of consistent yield response, if a grower encounters a high‐yielding, intensively managed variety that is prone to lodging, then a PGR application might be a crop management tool to consider. To improve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and harvestability in Michigan, growers are increasing nitrogen rates and utilizing plant growth regulators (PGR). The effects of PGR application rate and timing (Deckerville, MI, 2012–2013) and PGR application across N rates (Lansing, MI, 2014–2015) on wheat growth and grain yield were investigated. Plant growth regulator applications (12 oz/ac) significantly reduced mature plant height (2.0–4.2 inches) across all four site years. Application rates >12 oz/ac resulted in greater height reductions but offered no yield benefit. Plant lodging was significantly reduced (50–83%) following PGR application in all years except 2015, when no lodging occurred. Grain yield was significantly increased by 6.0 and 4.8 bu/ac in 2012 and 2014 following PGR application at 12 oz/ac. Timing of PGR application (Feekes 7 or 8) did not significantly affect grain yield in 2012 or 2013, but earlier applications increased grain yield. No interactions between N rate and PGR application were observed in 2014 or 2015. Results indicated that PGR application decreased the incidence of plant lodging in years where lodging occurred. Motives for utilizing a PGR in a wheat management regime may depend more on cultivar susceptibility to plant lodging and average plant height with less emphasis based solely on greater N application rates as the latter did not consistently result in taller plants.

A field experiment was carried out for three crop seasons at Sugarcane Research Station, Nayagarh (Odisha) during spring seasons of 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 to assess the effect of ethrel and gibberellic acid on growth, yield attributing characters, yield and quality of sugarcane (Saccharum sp. complex). Pooled data of three years study indicated that different treatments with plant growth regulators had significant effect on growth, yield and quality parameters of sugarcane. Germination percent of cane buds was the highest in the treatment involving planting of sugarcane setts after overnight soaking in 100 ppm ethrel solution followed by foliar application of gibberellic acid @35 ppm at 90,120 and 150 days after planting (DAP). Other sugarcane growth parameters, viz. number of tillers and plant heights were significantly higher with the application of growth regulators which produced higher number of millable canes (at harvest) than that of other treatments in the test. Overnight soaking of cane setts in 100 ppm ethrel solution followed by foliar application of gibberellic acid @35 ppm at 90,120 and 150 days after planting also produced significantly higher yield parameters, viz. number of millable cane (84.26’ 000 ha-1), cane length (313.6 cm), cane girth (2.94 cm) and single cane weight (1.64 kg) as compared to conventionally planted sugarcane crop. There was no significant influence on juice quality parameters due to various treatments in this study. However, overnight soaking of setts with 100 ppm ethrel solution followed by foliar application of gibberellic acid @ 35 ppm at 90, 120 and 150 days after planting showed comparatively higher values in all the juice quality parameters. Significantly higher cane and sugar yields of 116.14 t/ha and 12.82 t/ha, respectively were obtained with planting of sugarcane after overnight soaking in 100 ppm ethrel solution followed by gibberellic acid spray @ 35 ppm at 90, 120 and 150 days after planting. The above higher yields were attributed mainly to marked improvement in growth and yield attributes in response to application of plant growth regulators. Therefore, it can be concluded that combined application of ethrel and gibberellic acid had the positive effect to improve the growth parameters, yield and quality of sugarcane.

Application of growth promoters and stimulants containing plant growth regulators is a common practice among chilli farmers in Sri Lanka. An experiment was conducted in Yala season 2017 (minor season; May to September) and Maha season 2017/18 (Major season; October to February) to identify the influence of analytical grade plant growth regulators Gibberellic Acid (GA3), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and one commercial product containing of 10% GA3, 6% Ca and 2% B, followed by Albert solution as a foliar nutrient spray, on growth and yield of hybrid chilli (Capsicum annuum L), variety MICH hy 1. The experiment consisted of two factors, (1) application of different plant growth regulators, i.e. T1 - 50 ppm GA3, T2 - 100 ppm GA3, T3 - 50 ppm commercial product, T4 - 100 ppm commercial product, T5 - 50 ppm NAA, T6 - control with distilled water spray) and (2) two levels of Albert solution (with or without). The treatments were applied at the flower initiation stage. The Albert solution was applied three days after application of the plant growth regulator. Another dose of Albert solution was applied 20 days later. Application of GA3 and the commercial product significantly increased the plant height and canopy width while it reduced the SPAD meter value, which is an indication of the chlorophyll content. Application of plant growth regulators did not influence the green chilli yield.

The synergistic effects of tuber cutting and PGR application on red onion growth and yield have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the most effective combination of tuber cutting and plant growth regulator (PGR) application for enhancing red onion growth and yield. Conducted between January and April 2023 in the greenhouse of the Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palangka Raya, the experiment utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments, each repeated five times. Treatments included: no cutting, cutting ¼ part of the bulb + 3 mL/L PGR, cutting ¼ part of the bulb + 6 mL/L PGR, cutting ¼ part of the bulb + 9 mL/L PGR, cutting ⅓ part of the bulb + 3 mL/L PGR, cutting ⅓ part of the bulb + 6 mL/L PGR, and cutting ⅓ part of the bulb + 9 mL/L PGR. Results indicate that red onion growth and yield can be significantly optimized through the strategic combination of tuber cutting and PGR application. The treatment involving cutting one-third of the tuber with 6 mL/L PGR concentration yielded the most favorable outcomes. Plants in this treatment displayed an average height of 45.84 cm, 51.4 leaves per plant, 10.6 bulbs per plant, 12.4 tillers per plant, a fresh weight of 42.79 g, a tuber dry weight of 18.34 g, and a bulb diameter of 2.18 cm. These findings suggest that cutting one-third of the bulb, in conjunction with specific PGR concentrations, enhances both yield and nutrient content in red onion bulbs, offering valuable insights for optimizing cultivation practices and maximizing crop productivity.

Societal Impact StatementThe rising global population and the increasingly conspicuous effects of climate change are putting growing pressure on the agricultural industry. Food production must increase significantly with little or no access to extra land; therefore, new approaches are urgently required to increase crop productivity. The strategic application of plant growth regulators is one method of achieving this, made possible by RootTarget. RootTarget maps regional land use and resource availability, identifying locations where crops could benefit from the application of plant growth regulators. Such targeted application can contribute to creating a more resilient and sustainable farming system.Summary Developing novel strategies for optimising crop productivity is essential to meet the requirement of doubling food production by 2050. Geographic information system (GIS) software provides the opportunity to develop models for targeted application of plant growth regulators in rice‐growing regions based on water availability and agricultural practices, in order to optimise yields. GIS was used to identify rice‐growing areas with adequate irrigation, a high evapotranspiration index or suitable sowing technique for site‐specific application of plant growth regulators. Rule‐based decisions were incorporated into a GIS model in order to identify key areas where plant growth regulators should be applied. This approach allows information sharing between multiple stakeholders including researchers, companies and farmers with the aim of maximising crop productivity. A root growth promoter (RGP) was identified that promotes root growth under optimum conditions but not when applied concurrently with a drought stress. The effect of the RGP diminishes as the severity of the stress increases. These data were used to execute queries to identify regions with a suitable drought index, growing practice and adequate irrigation. Two hundred and twenty‐nine million hectares of land, spanning four continents, were identified as having the potential to benefit from application of the RGP. Significant areas of land used for rice production were identified that could benefit from application of the RGP. This study highlights the potential to incorporate academic research into models for research dissemination to the agricultural industry and increase crop productivity.

Field experiment was carried out to investigate effect of foliar application of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) like 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), gibberellic acid (GA), chlormequat(CCC), salicylic acid (SA), cysteine and methionine with 5 and 20 ppm concentration on vegetative growth of Simarouba glauca DC. Foliar application of both concentrations of all the PGRs promoted root length, shoot length, height of plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaf, stem, root and fresh and dry weight per plant. The significant increase in plant height, leaf area and dry weight were obtained in plants treated with GA, SA and methionine while 5ppm GA gave highest number of leaves per plant. This will improve the availability of plant biomass for extraction of various bio active molecules in pharmaceutical industries.

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses restricting plant growth and development. Application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is a possible practical means for minimizing salinity-induced yield losses, and can be used in addition to or as an alternative to crop breeding for enhancing salinity tolerance. The PGRs auxin, cytokinin, nitric oxide, brassinosteroid, gibberellin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonate, and ethylene have been advocated for practical use to improve crop performance and yield under saline conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the effectiveness of various PGRs in ameliorating the detrimental effects of salinity on plant growth and development, and elucidates the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying this process by linking PGRs with their downstream targets and signal transduction pathways. It is shown that, while each of these PGRs possesses an ability to alter plant ionic and redox homeostasis, the complexity of interactions between various PGRs and their involvement in numerous signaling pathways makes it difficult to establish an unequivocal causal link between PGRs and their downstream effectors mediating plants’ adaptation to salinity. The beneficial effects of PGRs are also strongly dependent on genotype, the timing of application, and the concentration used. The action spectrum of PGRs is also strongly dependent on salinity levels. Taken together, this results in a rather narrow “window” in which the beneficial effects of PGR are observed, hence limiting their practical application (especially under field conditions). It is concluded that, in the light of the above complexity, and also in the context of the cost–benefit analysis, crop breeding for salinity tolerance remains a more reliable avenue for minimizing the impact of salinity on plant growth and yield. Further progress in the field requires more studies on the underlying cell-based mechanisms of interaction between PGRs and membrane transporters mediating plant ion homeostasis.

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif 2024 at Soybean Research Station, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. To study the “Screening and Response of Growth Regulators SA, ABA and CCC on morpho-physiological and yield parameters of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)”. The investigation was carried out in Randomized Block Design with three replications in soybean cv. MAUS-725 was sown on 1st July 2024 by dibbling seeds in 45 cm between rows and 5 cm between plant spacing. The gross plot size was 2.70 m x 5.0 m and Net plot size was 2.25 m x 5 m. The experiment consisting of ten treatments viz., T1, T2 and T3 (SA @ 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm), T4, T5 and T6 (ABA @ 2 ppm, 4 ppm and 8 ppm), T7, T8 and T9 (CCC @ 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm) respectively and T0 (control), applied application of Plant growth regulators at 30 and 60 Days After Sowing (DAS). The experimental results revealed that the application of various plant growth regulators had a significant influence on morpho-physiological and yield parameters all of which exhibited noticeable variation in response to the different treatments application of SA, ABA and CCC as compare to control in soybean. The application of plant growth regulators positively influenced plant height, days to 50% Flowering, days to maturity it was higher in treatment T3 (SA @ 200 ppm) treated plants. The photosynthetic productivity and partitioning of photosynthate finally lead to increases yield of soybean. The highest values for the number of pods/plant (68.70), seed yield/plot (3.16 Kg), 100-seed weight (16.02 g), biological yield (6182.64 Kg/ha) and harvest index (45.43%) was recorded under treatment T3 (SA @ 200 ppm) at harvest. Significantly maximum seed yield/ha (2808.86 kg/ha) was also achieved treatment T3 (SA @ 200 ppm).

Co-application of biochar and plant growth regulators improves maize growth and decreases Cd accumulation in cadmium-contaminated soil

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) were involved in several types of abiotic stress responses by means of improving seed germination and modifying the growth and development of medicinally important Lepidium sativum via alleviating the negative effects of abiotic stresses. Therefore, the present research was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenous application of PGRson seed germination, protein content and ?-galactosidase activity of L. sativum. Germination of L. sativum seeds was monitored for a short interval after the start of incubation until growth became 100%. While cytokinin treatment showed a positive effect on seed germination more than Gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA) produced a higher negative effect than auxins. Quantifying changes in total protein content during seed germination as influenced by PGRs revealed that all PGRs have to exert a positive effect arranged in the following order: SA ? auxin ? cytokinin ? GA. Parallel to changes in germination percentage and total protein content of seed, a negative effect was attainedon ?-galactosidase specific activity in response to PGRs with the following arrangement: SA ? auxin ? cytokinin ? GA.In conclusion, the present study proposed the potential importance of the type and magnitude of exogenously applied PGRs during the germination of easily or even more difficult-to-germinate seeds.