Application of enzymatic probe sonication extraction for the determination of selected veterinary antibiotics and their main metabolites in fish and mussel samples

Abstract

A new method based on enzymatic probe sonication extraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the determination of 11 antibiotics (drugs) and the main metabolites of five of them in fish tissue and mussel samples. The analytes belong to four different classes of antibiotics (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillins and amphenicols). The analysed compounds were sulfadiazine (SDI) and N 4-acetylsulfadiazine (NDI) metabolite, sulfamethazine (SMZ) and N 4-acetylsulfamethazine (NMZ), sulfamerazine (SMR) and N 4-acetylsulfamerazine (NMR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimetroprim (TMP), amoxicillin (AMX) and its main metabolite amoxicilloic acid (AMA), ampicillin (AMP) and its main metabolite ampicilloic acid (APA), chloramphenicol (CLF), thiamphenicol (TIF), oxytetracycline (OXT) and chlortetracycline (CLT). The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency (type of enzyme, type and volume of extractant, ultrasounds power and extraction time) were optimised in tissue of hake ( Merluccius merluccius), anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus), mussel ( Mytilus sp.) and wedge sole ( Solea solea). The extraction was carried out using an extraction time of 5 min with 5 mL of water and subsequent clean-up with dichloromethane. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array (DAD) and fluorescence (FLD) detectors was used for the determination of the antibiotics. The separation of the analysed compounds was conducted by means of a Phenomenex ® Gemini C 18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm I.D., particle size 5 μm) analytical column with LiChroCART ® LiChrospher ® C 18 (4 mm × 4 mm, particle size 5 μm) guard-column. Analysed drugs were determined using formic acid 0.1% (v/v) in water and acetonitrile in gradient elution mode as mobile phase. The proposed method was also evaluated by a laboratory assay consisting of the determination of the targeted analytes in samples of Cyprinus carpio which had previously administered the antibiotics.