Application of Demand-Side Management (DSM) for evaluation and optimization of Electric Vehicle’s charging cycles

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been known as potential transportation alternatives for internal combustion engines thanks to lower carbon emissions and high energy efficiency. The combination of EVs with other renewable energy sources (RES) is a viable solution for eliminating the emission on the road and during the electricity generation process, reducing the reliance of EVs energy demand on the non-renewables. However, the higher penetration of EVs and unpredictable charging dynamics could burden the power system tremendously. This study proposes a demand-side management (DSM) strategy for an EVs-integrated residential grid with the assistance of grid-tied rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems. The main objectives are to minimize the peak and fluctuation load while ensuring the EVs’ effective charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) scheme based on time-of-use (TOU) tariff and real-time pricing (RTP). The EVs’ traveling distances, driving periods, initial state-of-charge (SOCs), and plugging states are considered. One-day simulation in different scenarios was carried out to evaluate the strategies. The results indicate that the proposed model can reduce load demand, flatten the load curve, and reduce electricity costs, maintaining the system’s stability. The approach can be an indicator for load aggregators and utilities to manage PEVs as DSM tools in the system.