Application of Cultivation Technology for Rice (Oryza sativa L. ) in Three Sectors of Rain Patterns in South Sulawesi

One of the causes of decrease forest functions is deforestation. Deforestation is a nonforest cover change activity that affects the decrease function of forest ecosystems. South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces are two areas that have experienced high deforestation. The area of forest in South and West Sulawesi in 1990 amounted to 2,550,946.13 ha. The number decreased in 2019 amounted to 2,213,628.88 ha. This study aims to identify and understand the spatial model of deforestation based on biophysical driving factors in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces from 1990 to 2019. Materials used in this study were Statistics Data Centers in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019, Deforestation Profiles at South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, literature supporting research. Data analysis used PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method. The results of this research explain that the driving factors the occurrence of deforestation in each location of the most influential research is the factor of the road, the closer the forest area to the road the higher the public desire to penetrate the forest area in addition, facilitate agricultural activities to distribute forest products and logs felling. River factors also have a role in the occurrence of deforestation, the community is very dependent on water needs primarily for agricultural land and plantations. In addition, the slope and altitude factors are also quite influential on the occurrence of deforestation due to the clearing of land in a fairly flat area with low altitude as in the Regency Bone and North Luwu, South Sulawesi province is very visible influence over the topographic areas of mountains and steep as in the Regency of Mamuju and Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi Province. Areas with such topography, have a low level of accessibility so that the pressure and disturbance are low enough from the community.

The prevalence of stunting in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province is relatively high. Studies reveal various household, parental, and child factors are associated with stunting. This paper aimed to determine the determinants of stunting among children under five in South and West Sulawesi Province using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. This study was a secondary data analysis using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Surveys. The unit of analysis was children under five years, and the study obtained 3641 and 4423 children in South Sulawesi Province from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey, respectively, and 804 and 1059 children from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey in West Sulawesi Province, respectively. The multivariable poisson regression model was conducted to determine the determinants of stunting. The results showed that the mean age of children in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province was 31.1 months and 30.8 months, respectively, on 2013 survey compare to 29.6 months and 29.1 months on the 2018 survey. The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were household with two children under five (APR:1.24; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3; p-value = 0.006), maternal BMI (APR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.03-1.1; p-value = <0.001), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.94-0.97; p-value = <0.001), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.8-2.7; p-value = <0.001), birthweight (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.5; p-value = <0.001). In the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99; p-value = 0.005), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.9; p-value = <0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), mothers with a height less than 151 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.5-3.1; p-value = <0.001), mothers with a height of 151-160 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.8; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.0-3.2; p-value = <0.001)., birthweight (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2-1.9; p-value = <0.001). The determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were children under five years living in poor households (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.3; p-value = 0.021), children under five who lived in a household with three or more children under five (APR:1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.7; p-value = 0.002), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.006), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001). On the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal BMI (APR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03; p-value = 0.004), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.95-0.98; p-value = <0.001), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in high school (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.004), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.9-3.6; p-value = <0.001), male (APR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.01-1.4; p-value = 0.035), and acute respiratory infection (ARI) (APR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.04-2.5; p-value = 0.030). The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province are number of children under five in the household, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal height, maternal BMI, child's age, and birthweight. Meanwhile, the determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi were wealth, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal BMI,, child's age, child's sex, and history of acute respiratory infection. Hence, intervention on household and child levels as well as maternal sociodemographic factors need to be addressed.

Rice is the main food source for most of the population in Maros regency. Maros regency is one of the rice producing district in South Sulawesi, but has experienced a very intensive conversion of agricultural land to infrastructure development compared to other regency in the province of South Sulawesi. This will lead to a decrease in production, which will have an impact on food security in the future. In addition to increasing the amount of rice production, an analysis of rice food requirements in Maros regency is also needed. Therefore, research and projection on the production and consumption of rice in Maros regency is needed in the future. With this projection, we can estimate the quantity of rice available in Maros regency. This research aims to determine the estimated quantity of rice production and consumption in Maros regency from 2019 to 2023. The data used in this research are secondary data, time series for the period 2007-2018. This research was a descriptive qualitative and quantitative research. Data processing in this research using software Minitab 17 and Microsoft Office Excel. The analysis showed that the development of production in Maros regency from 2019 to 2023 has increased every year. The forecast result showed, Maros regency has a surplus of rice in 2019 as big as 247,395 ton up to 2020 as big as 284,168 ton. While rice consumption in Maros regency in 2019 as big as 33,569 ton and 2023 as big as 32,106 ton.

A two-year emergency rice (Oryza sativa L.) initiative was launched in 2009 in response to the globalrice crises in 2008. The objective of this initiative in Ghana was to increase rice productivity in order toimprove food security. Project activities included planning sessions, demonstrations, training coursesand community seed production. The project made remarkable progress in enhancing access to qualityseed and fertilizer for over 12,600 farmers while expanding knowledge of best-bet productiontechnologies. Farmers produced 28,663 Mt of paddy which was 16,841 Mt above what they normallyproduced without project intervention. Average yield increased by 92% and also 4,093 women farmersconstituting about 32.4% of the total number of participating farmers benefited directly from the project.Seed fairs, rural radios and audio-visual broadcasts on improved rice production technologies wereused to reach non-participating farmers. The combination of methods that stimulated adoption ofimproved rice production technology was effective in achieving both increased paddy yields andhousehold income. We conclude that investment in rice technology transfer and production effortsduring the two-year period was well justified.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has emerged as a strategic and priority commodity for food security in Ethiopia. Nonetheless, Ethiopia&amp;apos;s average rice production is only about 2.8 t ha-1, which is less than the global average of 4 t ha-1, statistics indicate that has been flat for a long time. The main reasons for Ethiopia&amp;apos;s low rice yield and productivity are poor agronomic management practices (improper land preparation, untimely planting, inadequate fertilizer applied, inappropriate seed rate, weeds and insect pest). Enhancing agronomic management practices would increase rice yield and productivity. Yet, poor land preparation, suboptimum seed rate and date of planting techniques are reported to be the most important rice production constraint. Another key factor in rice production is the availability of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen, at different phases of plant growth. The most effective fertilizers management that is right fertilizers rate, right source, right place and right time of fertilizer applications are enhanced rice productivity. NPS and urea (supplying nitrogen and phosphorus) were the major fertilizers used by farmers in Ethiopia. In order to get the highest possible yields of rice, effective agronomic management techniques are required to increase productivity. Improving rice production and productivity as well as facilitating its processing and marketing access is therefore one of a key part of the economic growth strategies in the Ethiopia government’s food self-sufficiency initiatives. Therefore, this review advances our understanding of recommended agronomic practices for rice production in Ethiopia&amp;apos;s and will encourage more use of recommended agronomic practices.

Blue revolution for food security under carbon neutrality: A case from the water-saving and drought-resistance rice

Increase in climatic variations and extreme weather events in the recent past have exerted significant effect on crop productivity over different regions on earth. Such aberrations and their adverse effect on agriculture cannot be overruled in the years to come, rather it is expected to increase in future, which necessitates the need to understand their impact on crop productivity so that viable management options can be explored to sustain crop productivity and food security in future. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food for about 150 million people worldwide, especially in east and south Asia, the middle east, Latin America and the West Indies. It is a tropical crop and is thus adapted to warm and humid conditions. Tropical and sub-tropical areas are at, a greater risk as the prevailing temperatures are already on higher side in these areas and the crops are therefore exposed to warmer limits. Thus, in warm areas of the world, future global warming may result in substantial yield decrease because of the sensitivity of flowering and seed set to high temperatures and the possibility of water shortage that may result from increased evapotranspiration. Warming conditions may lead to reduction in crop duration and increase in respiratory losses, thus decreasing net photosynthesis and crop productivity. Although increase in CO2 levels lead to positive growth response, this effect is nullified due to increase in temperature. Increase in CO2 concentration can counterbalance the effect of increase in temperature by 1–2oC but further warming will have negative impact on rice productivity even under elevated CO2 levels. To overcome the adverse effects of climate change on rice productivity, agronomic management practices like cultivation system, irrigation management and fertilizer management etc. can play a significant role either by leading to reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission or by reduction of climate change impact on rice productivity. In addition to this, various breeding techniques like screening for stress tolerance, conventional breeding techniques as well as molecular and biotechnological strategies need to be incorporated for developing varieties tolerant to various stresses.

Soil quality is one of the factors that determine the success and sustainability of aquaculture pond, including farms in South Sulawesi Province. Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension has conducted research on various aspects of brackishwater pond soil in Maros District and previously also in nine other districts in South Sulawesi Province. Brackishwater pond soil characteristics are summarized and reviewed to determine soil management so that brackishwater pond productivity can be improved. Brackishwater pond soil in the west coast of South Sulawesi Province, including Maros, Pangkep and Pinrang Districts, is dominated by acid sulfate soil (ASS) and non-acid sulfate soil (non-ASS); in the south coast of South Sulawesi (Bulukumba, Selayar Islands and Takalar Districts) the brackish water pond is soil dominated by non-ASS, and in the east coast South Sulawesi (East Luwu, North Luwu, Luwu and Bone Districts) is dominated by ASS and peat soil. ASS is characterized by soil characteristics such as low pH, high acidity potential and highly-toxic element content. Peat soil is characterized by high organic matter content, low pH and high acidity potential. Non-ASS is characterized by high pH, low acidity potential and low macro-nutrient content. Dominant soil textures of brackishwater pond in the South Sulawesi Province include sandy loam, loamy sand, clay loam and silty clay loam. To improve the quality of ASS, soil management is needed in the form of remediation by drying, submerging and flushing as well as liming. The quality of peat soil can be improved through remediation and fertilization, especially fertilizers containing nitrogen. Fertilization using both organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as using sulfur and gypsum, can improve the quality of non-ASS, including saline-sodic soil.

One of the rice producing regions in Indonesia is South Sulawesi. Wajo Regency is the second highest rice producing area in South Sulawesi, after Bone Regency. Based on the irrigation system, rice cultivation in Wajo Regency consists of technical irrigation, rainfed rice fields, and rice cultivation or dry land. Agriculture with various irrigation systems has an impact on pest population levels and the intensity of attacks. The decline in rice productivity is caused by many factors, one of which is the attack of rice rat pests that occur in several areas in Wajo Regency. There are several techniques and strategies for field rat management, ranging from sanitation, technical culture or plant cultivation, mechanical, biological, and chemical physical. All techniques and strategies of rice rat management must be applied integrated, continuously, and together in one stretch. This study aims to measure the potential presence of rice rats in several irrigation systems in Wajo Regency (irrigation, rainfed rice fields, and dryland rice), analyze the management of rice rats carried out by farmers, and the factors that affect it. The method used is observing rice planting patterns based on irrigation systems, estimating the population level of rice rats with single live traps and the level of attack on several rice planting irrigation systems. Likewise, rice rat population management in several rice planting irrigation systems, data analysis, and economic analysis. The result of this study is that the highest estimate of rats is in dryland rice plantations. The intensity of rat attacks was highest in dry land Pr&gt;F 0.045 the area of attack was highest in rainfed land Pr&gt;F was 0.0171, for intensity and area of attack in generative phase 1. The success of cultivation in dry land was 16.3% in generative phase 1 which was 16.48%. The presence of rats correlates both the intensity of the attack and the area of each addition of rats will increase the intensity of the attack by 0.155% and the area of attack by 0.308%.

Food security is a critical issue in the developing world. India is the second largest producer of rice (Oryza sativa L.) next to China and rice accounts for larger proportion of human caloric intake in India. The price rise of rice commodity and conversion of rice lands for non agriculture purposes necessitate examining the existing status of rice production and suggesting measures to prevent any sort of disturbances in food security in India. This paper aims at analyzing the present production performance of rice in the country by examining the trends and shifts in production growth, delineating the sources of production growth as well as assessing the instability in rice production. In addition, some other critical issues of spatial differentials and price escalation are also discussed. The study reveals that there has been deceleration in growth rate of rice production and productivity not only in India but also in all the top five major rice producing countries in the world. There exists a spatial variation among Indian states, where northern and southern region registered higher rice productivity and the rest of the regions witnessed less productivity. Yield effect contributed more towards the decline in production growth in eastern states like West Bengal, Odisha and Asom and therefore it is required to have adequate measures to improve upon the yield growth. Besides, higher instability in rice production is also noticed in Odisha and Bihar. It is therefore important to have technology breakthrough in rice which could push the production trajectory path upwards and achieve a higher and sustainable growth rate in rice as well as sustaining food security status in India.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a very important food crop in the world after wheat and corn. It is also a staple food for most of the world’s population, especially in Asia, like in Indonesia until now. In 2014 to 2018, rice productivity tended to change dynamically. In 2018, rice productivity in Indonesia was 51.92 (Ku/Ha). This research was conducted to classify rice productivity in 34 provinces in Indonesia in 2018. The data used were sourced from Statistics Indonesia. The method or approach used in this study is the K-Means cluster algorithm to classify rice productivity data by province in 2018. The results of the research are; (1) There are 19 provinces included in cluster 0 (Medium), (2) There are 4 provinces included in cluster 1 (High), and (3) There are 11 provinces that are included in cluster 2 (Low). Based on the results of the study, it was proven that there were 4 provinces in cluster 1 (High) they are West Java, Central Java, East Java and South Sulawesi, with the highest rice productivity. Three of them were on Java Island. It shows that Java still dominates the productivity of rice plants.

In the face of the negative impacts of climate change and the accelerated growth of the global population, precision irrigation is important to conserve water resources, improve rice productivity and promote overall efficient rice cultivation, as rice is a rather water-intensive crop than other crops. For several decades, various water conserving technologies have been studied in order to significantly increase water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of this paper is to review the main technologies and approaches for assessing the water requirements of rice crop in order to contribute to water saving in irrigated rice production, after clarifying the performance indicators of the irrigated systems. Several scientific articles from previous studies were consulted and analyzed. These studies showed that irrigation water conservation includes a wide range of practices, staring from the crop irrigation water requirements assessment to the implementation of the water saving practices on the field. In addition, irrigation water conservation technologies could be categorized into three groups, namely water-conserving irrigation systems, water-saving irrigation methods, and water-conserving agronomic practices. The influence of the individual and combined irrigation water use efficiency tools was highlighted. This paper will enable researchers to acquire knowledge on water-saving methods for estimating the rice crop water requirements and thus allow them to effectively contribute to improve the performance of irrigated rice cultivation systems using various water conservation technologies.

This study delves into the impact of climate change on rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers and their asset ownership in Tanzania's Kahama District, aiming to assess the specific challenges and risks posed by climate change and understand their implications for asset ownership. Employing surveys, interviews, and analysis of historical climate data, both quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilized. Five wards were purposively selected from the three councils constituting Kahama District. Two villages known for prominent rice production were specifically chosen from each ward. The sampling frame comprised household lists from the selected villages, with households serving as the sampling unit. A total of 312 households were randomly selected as the sample size from the study villages. Statistical analysis of quantitative data was performed using SPSS and Excel software, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis procedures. Findings revealed that climate change significantly impacts rice production, leading to reduced crop yields due to alterations in temperature and rainfall patterns. The majority of respondents (80.1%) were immigrants born within the district but outside the study villages, drawn to the better agricultural climate in the study villages. A significant proportion (73.7%) cited unfavorable climate as the primary reason for leaving their previous hamlets. Analysis of data from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) highlighted varied decreases in annual and monthly rainfall during the rainy season, with distinct years exhibiting extreme values. Additionally, the study identified a trend of increasing annual average minimum temperatures and decreasing annual average maximum temperatures. However, farmers faced challenges related to water scarcity, irrigation issues, market conditions, and production costs, impacting their revenue and profitability. Adaptation strategies employed by farmers included water-saving techniques and diversification of income sources. Limited access to financial resources, education, and market opportunities further intensified farmers' vulnerabilities. Thus, to enhance farmers' resilience and safeguard their asset ownership in the context of climate change, targeted interventions are necessary. These interventions should address issues such as improved access to financial resources, knowledge-sharing platforms, and market linkages. The study contributes valuable insights to the existing body of research on climate change's effects on agriculture, providing policymakers and practitioners with crucial information to formulate effective strategies and policies for supporting farmers in Kahama District and similar contexts.

Soil salinization is a major threat to crop production. Biochar and aluminum sulfate as soil amendments are critical for improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity under saline-sodic conditions. This study explored the effects of rice-husk biochar and aluminum sulfate on rice growth, biomass, yield, and soil properties under saline-sodic conditions. The experiment was carried out in an experimental field located at the Jilin Agricultural University, China. Five treatments, viz., T0 (no biochar, no aluminum sulfate, no nitrogen), T1 (no biochar, no aluminum sulfate, with NPK), T2 (aluminum sulfate and NPK), T3 (biochar and NPK), and T4 (biochar, aluminum sulfate, and NPK), arranged in a completely randomized design with five biological replicates, were assessed. Compared to T0, plant height, tiller number, leaf dry weight, panicle dry weight, sheath dry weight, stem dry weight, and total dry biomass significantly increased by 14.67%, 56.39%, 60.13%, 59.53%, 39.00%, 58.36%, and 55.99%, respectively, with T1. Compared to T0, the grain yield significantly increased by 82.79% with T1. Additionally, biochar and aluminum sulfate applications significantly decreased the Na+ concentration in different rice organs and considerably increased the K+ concentration and consequently, the K+/Na+ ratio. Moreover, compared to the control, the soil pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32-, and Cl- concentrations under T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments were substantially improved. Therefore, biochar and aluminum sulfate applications can alleviate saline-sodic stress, improve soil health, and increase rice productivity on saline-sodic soils. The study findings are anticipated to help develop new management strategies for improving rice production under saline-sodic conditions.

Jumla is one of the 75 districts in the midwestern hills of Nepal. Rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivation in Jumla ranges from 2,400 to 3,050 m altitude, which is the highest elevation in the world. The highest elevation at 3,050 m is Chhumjul of Jumla, a record altitude, where rice is cultivated in Nepal. Jumli Marshi, a Japonica variety of indigenous rice, having cold tolerant gene, is probably cultivated since 1,300 years ago in Jumla in the bank of the Tila river. Improved rice varieties were tested in the Jumla valley by the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC). In 2002, two improved rice varieties Chandannath-1 and Chandannath-3 were released for temperate region of Jumla and Karnali zone. Productivity of rice in Jumla is 1.7 mt/ha almost 40% lower than that of national average of 2.97 t/ha. Low productivity of rice is mainly due to the constraints of many biotic, abiotic and socio-economic factors. Food security in the food deficit region of the Karnali zone could be sustained by increasing rice productivity in the Jumla region where perennial irrigation is available round the year. Whole of the Jumla region is unique place with respect to rice cultivation in the highest altitude of the world. The practice of rice cultivation in Jumla could be a remarkable activity for boosting agro-tourism in the agrarian country like Nepal. Rice cultivation in Jumla is quite unique from the rice cultivation even in the same range of temperate region. Such a typical organic rice production system in the highest elevation of the world needs immediate attention of all institutions and authorities concerned to conserve it for the future generation as well. Jumla, the temperate region, is also affected by the impact of global warming thereby receding water level in the Tila river and its tributaries flowing in the Jumla valleys during rice growing season (March - October). Attempts have been made to document ethno-culture, socio-economic and cultural practices of rice cultivation in the highest elevation in the world. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v2i0.7519 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 2: 2011 pp.31-41