APPLICATION OF AVICENNIA MARINA FOR REDUCING HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN ASALUYEH, IRAN

Human and industrial activities in the area of Manyar Subdistrict Mangrove Waters, Gresik District can increase pollution and the presence of heavy metals in aquatic environments and aquatic organisms. This triggers input of heavy metals, especially Pb and Cu. Mangroves can accumulate and have a high tolerance for heavy metals so they can be used as plants for phytoremidiation purposes (phytostabilization). The mangrove ecosystem can be used as a control of heavy metal pollution and can also be used as a pollutant trap. This study was conducted to determine the potential of phytoremidiation based on the accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in Avicennia marina mangroves in absorbing heavy metals Pb and Cu from their environment. Based on research results MacFarlane et al., (2007) mangrove Avicennia marina is one of the plants that can effectively accumulate heavy metals due to its root system. The sample was analyzed using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The research parameters include levels of Pb and Cu metals in sediments, mangrove roots and leaves. The results of Pb heavy metal concentrations ranged from 0.30 ppm - 4.84 ppm and Cu ranged from 0.27 ppm - 11.42 ppm with the highest values found in sediment stations 2. Avicennia marina at the study site was excluder because the BCF value 1 ranged from 0.35 to 1.69 ppm. The results of this study indicate that Avicennia marina mangroves can be developed into phytoremidiation agents because they are able to absorb and transfer heavy metals from the environment to other body tissues.

Mangroves are transitional ecosystems between land and sea where their growth is influenced by the presence of sediment, salinity, temperature, pH, DO, and other environmental factors. One of the functions of mangroves is to play a role in the absorption or binding heavy metals. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the content of heavy metals Cu and Pb in waters and soil (sediment), (2) to determine the content of heavy metals Cu and Pb in the roots and leaves of Avicennia marina , (3) to determine the effect of differences in soil texture (sediment) on the absorption of heavy metals Cu and Pb in the mangrove Avicennia marina and (4) to determine the percentage of absorption of Avicennia marina on heavy metals Cu and Pb in the coastal waters of Sungai Bakau Village. The research design was carried out using a single factor CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with differences in soil texture (sediment) on the absorption of heavy metals Cu and Pb in Avicennia marina in the coastal waters of Sungai Bakau Village. The results showed that the heavy metal content of Cu in the waters was 0.027 ppm and 0.131 ppm Pb, while in the soil (sediment) the heavy metal Cu was 1.475 ppm and the heavy metal Pb was 6.560 ppm. Cu content of heavy metal in mangrove roots was 14.223 ppm and heavy metal Pb was 1.270 ppm, while in mangrove leaves heavy metal Cu 8.607 ppm and heavy metal Pb 0.577 ppm. Differences in soil texture (sediments) have a significant effect on the absorption of heavy metals Cu and Pb in the Avicennia marina mangroves in the coastal waters of Sungai Bakau Village. The absorption percentage of Avicennia marina mangrove uptake of heavy metals Cu and Pb in the coastal waters of Sungai Bakau Village shows that uptake of heavy metal Cu is higher than uptake of heavy metal Pb.

Various types of mangrove plants found in coastal areas have a specific strategy to deal with pollution conditions from heavy metals. One of the several strategies used by mangroves is by accumulating various kinds of heavy metals in various parts of the tree. Most species of mangroves such as Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Bruguiera gymnorhyza and others apply this strategy. Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata are pioneer mangrove species that are able to accumulate heavy metals in the roots, stems and leaves. These species are also act as indicator of the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems. The presence of heavy metals will reduce water quality subsequently will decline the overall condition of the ecosystem. How big is the ability of Avicenia marina and Rhizopohora mucronata mangroves to absorb copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) metals and how the conditions of the aquatic environment surrounding mangroves during heavy metal stress are need to be studied. Analysis of Cu and Pb heavy metals contents were carried out at the Chemistry Laboratory of the USU Medan Pharmacy Faculty. The mangrove species used for the analysis of Cu and Pb heavy metals were A.marina and R. mucronata that grew in Muara Sungai coastal areas from April to August 2018. The results showed heavy metal content of Cu was greater than Pb in wire roots, stems and leaves of A. marina trees. Analysis of roots, leaves and bark of R. mucronata also found greater content of Cu heavy metals than Pb.

Groundwater and surface water sometimes contain substances that do not occur frequently in such water. Such substances include some of the metals. Increased iron and manganese content is expected in groundwater; however, metals such as cadmium, nickel or arsenic in high quantities are not typical of this water. Still, there are sources where the occurrence of cadmium, arsenic and other metals is in concentrations exceeding the prescribed values for drinking water. Because of the toxicity of heavy metals, authors dealt with the possibilities of removing cadmium from water. There are many ways to remove heavy metals, however today iron hydroxide based granulated sorption materials are used due to their simplicity, efficiency and low economic demands. The laboratory experiments of the removal of cadmium from water were carried out at the Institute of Municipal Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering in Brno as part of a specific university research project. The aim of the experiment was to compare the ability of three sorption materials CFH 0818, Bayoxide E33 and GEH on the removal of cadmium from water. These materials were primarily designed to remove arsenic from water. Filtration columns filled with the mentioned sorbents were used for filtration. Drinking water was used as raw water during the measurement from the municipal water supply system in which increased cadmium concentration was achieved artificially by adding a chemical solution. During the experiment, the flow rate was set to reach the required retention time of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 minutes taking into account the porosity of the media. The results of the laboratory measurement show that all three materials were able to reduce the concentration of cadmium deep below the limit laid down by Decree No. 252/2004 Coll. already at the shortest delay time. Contact filtration occurred unequivocally in all sorption materials during the removal of the cadmium.

Mangroves have been investigated widely as plants that can absorb and accumulate heavy metals in their tissues. Due to that ability, mangroves have been used to reduce heavy metals in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, mangroves have been used for biomonitoring of heavy metals pollution. The use of mangroves for biomonitoring on aquatic environments has been considered as a cheap, rapid, and sufficient method. The mangrove is an organism that has the ability to absorb the contaminants of heavy metal and to function as fine pollutants trap. However, to develop this technique for wide use, research and investigation are still needed. This paper is aimed to describe the future direction of mangrove studies of using mangroves as a biomonitoring agent. Based on the review, Rhizophopora mucronata and Avicennia marina are mangrove species that have a promising ability to be used for biomonitoring in the aquatic environment.

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in mangrove habitats, using biochemical markers and pollution indices: A case study of Avicennia marina L. in the Rabigh lagoon, Red Sea

Serious environmental issues have escalated as a result of urbanization, industrialization, and global population growth, caused by solid waste accumulation and water pollution. Tackling these challenges requires innovative strategies for waste reuse and pollution control, such as using solid wastes with high concentrations of Si and Al as raw materials for the development of emerging materials used for decontamination of waters (i.e. zeolites). Therefore, within this study two zeolites were synthesized using an easy, environmentally friendly and inexpensive method (sol-gel). The precursors were metallic waste (aluminium cans) for the sodium aluminate, and both pure precursor (pure sodium silicate) and agricultural waste (rice husks) for the sodium silicate. The synthesized samples were analyzed using different techniques, such as XRF, XRD, DTA and SEM. The results showed that the developed zeolites are faujasite and sodalite types, which are adequate for eliminating heavy metal ions from water. Additionally, the heavy metal removal efficiency for the two developed zeolites was higher than 95% for Cd, Ni after 24h testing, and only ~35% after 24h for Pb, emphasizing their good capacity to retain heavy elements. Thus, these findings demonstrate the great potential of waste-derived zeolites as sustainable adsorbents for reducing heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments, contributing to the advancement of resource recovery, waste reduction, and green remediation methods and aligning with the circular economy principles.

Mangrove ecosystems play a critical role in sequestering heavy metals pollutants, yet the dynamics of heavy metals accumulation during mixed litter decomposition remain poorly understood. This study investigated the seasonal and species-specific variations in heavy metals accumulation during the decomposition of Kandelia obovata (KO) and Avicennia marina (AM) leaf litter mixtures in a subtropical mangrove forest in the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China. Using the litterbag technique, we monitored eight heavy metals (V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd) across three mixing ratios (KO:AM = 1:2, 1:1, 2:1) in summer and winter. Results revealed that V concentrations were influenced by both season and litter ratio, with higher KO proportions enhancing V accumulation in summer but reducing it in winter. In contrast, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Se, and Cd were primarily regulated by litter ratios: KO-dominated mixtures promoted Cr and Ni accumulation, while AM-dominated mixtures favored Cu, As, Se, and Cd. Zn exhibited the highest variability and was unaffected by season or ratio. Total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon/metal (C/M) ratios significantly correlated with reduced bioavailability of most heavy metals, whereas total nitrogen (TN) and C/N ratios showed no consistent relationship. The heavy metals accumulation index (MAI) indicated higher accumulation in summer than in winter, with the highest MAI observed in the KO:AM = 2:1 treatment group during summer (MAI = 1.36), whereas winter decomposition slowed accumulation rates. These findings highlight the dual regulatory roles of species composition and environmental factors in mangrove heavy metals cycling, offering critical insights for ecological risk assessment and contaminated soil remediation strategies in coastal ecosystems.

The increasing stresses on mangrove ecosystem in Demak Municipal coastal area was caused by the high input of pollutant to the related ecosystem, including heavy metal as cadmium (Cd). In the other side, mangrove ecosystem also has the capacity in accumulating heavy metal so it doesn’t enter the marine waters. This research aimed to study the specific effect of Avicennia marina abundance on the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) concentration in mangrove sediment at Demak Municipal coastal area. This research was conducted through field observation by monitoring the abundance of Avicennia marina stands and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) concentration in Demak Municipal coastal area. The abundance of mangrove was specified on Avicennia marina tree stands, while concentration of cadmium (Cd) in sediment was achieved from field sampling. Data analysis was conducted through regression. The result showed the abundance of Avicennia marina stands was ranged from 2.200 – 6.200 stands/ha with average abundance of 4.028 ± 1.087 stands/ha, while concentration of cadmium (Cd) in mangrove ecosystem was ranged from 0,251 – 6,467 mg/kg with average of 2,828 ± 2,119 mg/kg. Analysis of regression showed there were significant effects of the Avicennia marina stands on the concentration of cadmium (Cd) in the mangrove sediments with the regression formula of Y = 7,294424 – 0,110888 X by probability level of 0,0138 (p < 0,05) and R 2 = 0,3234. The abundance of Avicennia marina stands had negative effect on cadmium (Cd) concentration in mangrove sediments, since its capacity in absorbing and accumulation cadmium (Cd) in its organs. Keywords: Avicennia marina, cadmium, sediment, Demak

The study deals with the accumulation of Pb, Zn and Cd in an important mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., in the Vamleshwar mangrove ecosystem, near Narmada estuary, West coast of Gujarat, India with height differences of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 meters and carried out under field conditions during October, 2009. The site was located on 213011.55 N latitude and 724353.68 E longitude. Mangrove receives heavy metal pollution from upstream areas of Narmada estuary and highly populated settlements. However, little is known about the capacity of mangrove plants to take up and store heavy metals in them. Water, sediment and plant parts such as roots, stems and leaves were analyzed for finding the trace metal accumulation of different height groups by Inductive Coupled Plasma Analyser (ICPA). Amount of the content of metals found in the water, sediment and plant parts were in the order of Pb&amp;gt;Zn&amp;gt;Cd. The average contents of heavy metals in the waters were 57.83 mg l-1 for Pb, 3.89 83 mg l-1 for Zn and 0.42 mg l-1 for Cd. It was observed that the average contents of Pb (73.6 mg l-1), Zn (8.1 mg l-1) and Cd (0.73 mg l-1) in the sediments were below the critical soil concentrations. The concentrations of heavy metals in different parts of Avicennia marina were in the order Roots&amp;gt;stem&amp;gt;leaf except for Cd, but Cd found higher in leaf. The ranges of the content of heavy metals in plants were 18.5-102.2 mg l-1 for Pb, 3.5-19.5 mg l-1 for Zn and 0.2-4.1 mg l-1 for Cd. The concentrations of all heavy metals in Avicennia marina except Pb were falling within the normal range and were much more in the plants have the highest height. The present study has shown the potential of Avicennia marina as a phytoremediation species for selected heavy metals in many mangrove ecosystems.

Mangunharjo areas water is an area of coastal waters and the sea which close to the settlement industry and community activities. Where feared result of industrial waste were dumped around it that cause pollution. One form of pollution is the waste produced in the form of lead (Pb) heavy metals is a heavy metal element that can not be broken down by natural processes. The existence of Pb in nature have an impact on coastal vegetation is mangrove. Mangroves are coastal ecosystems which have an important role in estuarine areas. Other mangrove function is to absorb organic and non-organic materials. The purpose of this research was to study the accumulation of lead (Pb) heavy metals in Avicennia marina mangrove roots and influences the type of heavy metal accumulation of lead (Pb) to root tissue in Avicennia marina waters Mangunharjo. This research was conducted with descriptive analytic method. The results showed the amount of heavy metals on the roots of Avicennia marina Pb higher than the Pb content of heavy metals in sediment and water indicating that these plants are able to accumulate heavy metals in the roots to absorb these elements in sediments and water. Observations cell histology showed no change in root tissues of Avicennia marina.

This report is the result of a review by a Panel on Hazardous Trace Substances, as part of a report to an ad hoc Committee on Environmental Health Research whose chairman was Dr. David Rall, Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH.

Environmental Impact of Cadmium: A Review by the Panel on Hazardous Trace Substances

Bioaccumulation pattern of heavy metals in Avicennia marina at Visakhapatnam and Coringa Mangroves in India.

Rhodobacter sphaeroides was used for bioremediation of wastewater polluted with cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). The tolerance of the microorganism to selected heavy metals (HMs), as well as the effects of pH, temperature and inoculum size on the removal rate, was investigated. The remediation effects of R. sphaeroides were analysed at different initial concentrations of HMs. Bioremediation mechanisms were thoroughly discussed based on the results from the cell characterisation analysis. Cd and Zn could inhibit the growth of R. sphaeroides. However, Cd was more toxic than Zn, with corresponding EC50 values of 5.34 and 69.79 mg L-1. Temperature and pH had greater influence on the removal rate of HMs than inoculum size. The optimal conditions for temperature and pH were 35 °C-40 °C and pH 7, respectively. Initial concentration of HMs and remediation time also affected the removal rate. Rhodobacter sphaeroides had a relatively higher remediation effect under the present experimental conditions. The removal rates for Cd and Zn reached 97.92% and 97.76%, respectively. Results showed that biosorption and HM precipitation were the main bioremediation mechanisms. This information is necessary to better understand the removal mechanism of R. sphaeroides, and is significant for its pilot test and future practical application.