Abstract
The study was mainly aimed to determine the antiurolithiathic potential of different concentrations of E. indica root extract on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis in Rattus norvergicus (albino rats). It specifically targeted the effects the plant extract will pose on serum parameters (creatinine, BUN and uric acid) nitrituria, proteinuria, calcium oxalate excretion, and the histopathology of kidney tubules and glomeruli of albino rats. In the study, root of E. indica was collected, dried and extracted using distilled water of 80°C-100°C. The actual experimental period lasted for 4 weeks. The study involved 5 test groups; negative control group (T-), positive control group or lithogenic group (T+), two prophylactic groups (T1 and T2) receiving different concentrations of E. indica root extract (T1- 500mg/kg and T2- 800mg/kg) and one curative group receiving 800mg/kg of E. indica root extract after being induced with kidney stones during the first 2 weeks of the experimental period. All the test groups received 0.75% ethylene glycol (stone inducing chemical) in water for 4 week ad libitum with the exception of the negative control. At the end of the study, there was elevated levels of serum creatinine, BUN and uric acid among the lithogenic group which was normalized in all the three treatment groups. There was no significant difference between the serum parameters of the E. indica treatment groups and that of negative control (P < 0.05). There was the presence of nitrituria, proteinuria, high pH and high levels of calcium oxalate excretion in the lithogenic group. But again all these parameters were normalized in the three E. indica treatment groups. E. indica root extract also maintained the normal structure of kidney glomeruli and tubules among T1 and T2 (prophylactic groups) and repaired kidney defects in T3 (curative group). E. indica root extract thus possess antiurolithiathic potentials and can be used to prevent and cure nephrolithiasis in albino rats.
Highlights
Urinary calculi disease or kidney stones is a pathological condition (-iasis) in which stones are formed in the kidneys (Nephro-); the name Nephrolithiasis
From all the results explained above, it is clearly seen that E. indica root extract exhibit a great effect on Serum creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and uric acid levels of albino rats
The plant extract prevents the disruption of normal structure of the glomerulus and tubules of rat’s kidney among the prophylactic groups (T1, T2)
Summary
Urinary calculi disease or kidney stones is a pathological condition (-iasis) in which stones (lith-) are formed in the kidneys (Nephro-); the name Nephrolithiasis. In the United States alone approximately 1 in every 11 individuals is affected with Nephrolithiasis [2]. Kidney problems is reported to be Philippines 7th leading cause of death and some studies show that about 2.3% of the total Filipino population has kidney stones [3]. This ancient disease has claimed the lives of many individuals especially those in the Middle East and had a mortality rate of about 19,000 deaths per year between 1990 and 2010 [4]. About 85% of kidney stones are caused by accumulation of calcium oxalate or uric acid crystals in the kidney tubules [5]
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