Antitrypanosomal activity of Argemone mexicana extract and fractions in the animal model of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection

Sargassum sp. is one of the brown seaweed that contains bioactive compounds, which have antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitor activity. This research aimed to determine the rendemen, secondary metabolic, total phenolic, antioxidant, and alpha glucosidase inhibitor from the extract and fractions of Sargassum sp. The research method used was an experiment by extracting Sargassum sp with methanol and the extract were fractionated with different polarity solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol). Data were analyzed descriptively. The analysis parameters consisted of rendemen, secondary metabolic (qualitative), total phenolics, antioxidants (DPPH and FRAP), and alpha glucosidase inhibitors. The results showed that the rendemen of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions were 4,15, 5,81, and 4,94%, respectively. The secondary metabolic analysis of methanol extract were alkaloids, steroids/terpenoids, saponins, and phenolic. The n-hexane fraction were steroids/terpenoids, saponins, and phenolic. The ethyl acetate fraction were alkaloids, steroids/terpenoids, saponins, and phenolic. The ethanol and water fractions contained only saponins. The total phenolic content of the methanol extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and etanol fractions were 21161,03, 7854,46, 1626,89, and 80,17 ppm. Antioxidants in methanol extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol fractions using DPPH were 329,42, 466,25, 535,08, and 80,17 ppm. Antioxidants in methanol extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions using FRAP were 196,15, 294,88, 364,26, and 492,68 ppm. Alpha glucosidase inhibitor in n-hexane fraction with an IC50 value of 538110,9 ppm. Extract and fractions of Sargassum sp. with different polarity solvents contained different secondary metabolic. Saponins were found in all solvents, phenolics and steroids/terpenoids were found in methanol extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions, alkaloids were found in methanol exract and ethyl acetate fraction. The n-hexane fraction showed the highest activity in total phenol, antioxidant, and alpha glucosidase inhibitor.

Background: Patients use anticonvulsant drugs to manage and handle disorders that are associated with seizures such as epilepsy. One of such drugs is Phenobabirone which is relatively expensive. These drugs however, have made patients to continue to experience inadequate seizure control even while using them. There is need to investigate cheaper sources of anticonvulsant agents. The leaves of Cleistopholis staudtii has been used traditionally to handle convulsant cases and could in future shows therapeutic relevance and use. . Objectives: This research investigated the Anticonvulsant effects of methanol leaf extracts and fractions of Cleistopholis staudtii on swiss white mice. It also compared the anticonvulsant effect of these fractions of the Cleistopholis staudtii leaves with those of Phenobabirone. Methodology: Fifty Swiss white mice (18-32g) were divided into ten (10) groups (n=3)as they were given orally; 10ml/kg 5% tween 80 (Control Group), , 200mg/kg crude extract (Group 3), 400mg/kg crude extract ( Group 4), 200mg/kg N-hexane fraction (group 5), 400mg/kg N-hexane fraction (Group 6), 200mg/kg Ethylacetate fraction ( Group 7), 400mg/kg Ethylacetate fraction ( Group 8), 200mg/kg Butanol fraction (group 9), 400mg/kg Butanol fraction ( Group 10) while Group 2 ( Positive control) was given 60mg/kg Phenobarbitone intraperitoneally . The groups had free access to water. These treatment were for seven(7) days after which they were injected with 200mg/kg Isoniazide and observations were made in regards to convulsion. Results: The control group had convulsions at 34.7±6.07 minutes, while phenobarbitone delayed seizures to 90±0.0 minutes. The crude extract delayed convulsions to 47.3±14.91 minutes at 200 mg/kg and 65±21.93 minutes at 400 mg/kg. The N-Hexane fraction had a similar delay effect to phenobarbitone at both dosages, while the Ethyl Acetate and Butanol fractions had variable results. Mortality rates were 100% in the control group, reduced to 33% with phenobarbitone. The crude extract caused 100% mortality at both doses, and the N-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Butanol fractions had 67% mortality at 400 mg/kg and 100% at lower doses. Phenobarbitone was the most effective, with 0.67±0.09 convulsions, compared to the crude extract with 6.7±1.50 convulsions at 200 mg/kg and 8.7±1.50 at 400 mg/kg. The N-Hexane fraction had 8.7±3.42 convulsions at 200 mg/kg and 10.3±1.70 at 400 mg/kg, while the Ethyl Acetate and Butanol fractions resulted in higher convulsion counts, especially at lower doses. Conclusion: The Research showed that the Butanol Fraction of methanol leaf extracts of Cleistopholis staudtii exhibited better anticonvulsant effects in Swiss white mice.

Research has been done Antioxidant Activity Test of n-Hexane and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera). The aim of this study for knowing what types of secondary metabolites are contained in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions as well as the antioxidant activity of the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Moringa leaves. The secondary metabolites contained in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Moringa leaves were determined by the phytochemical method, while the antioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH method. Leaf Moringa used is dried Moringa leaves that have been mashed. From 500 grams of finely powdered Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), macerated with 2,000 mL methanol for 3x24 hours, obtained as much as 139.57 grams of methanol thick extract. Then proceed with fractionation using the liquid-liquid partition method. As much 30 grams of macerated methanol viscous extract is dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water. The solution was then partitioned by adding 100 mL of n-hexane, shaken in a separating funnel and allowed to stand until there are two layers. The distilled water layer was re-partitioned with ethyl acetate in the same way and evaporated so that obtained n-hexane fraction as much as 1.88 grams and 1.66 grams of ethyl acetate. Phytochemical test results showed that the n-hexane fraction contained alkaloids, steroids and saponins. While the ethyl acetate fraction contains alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins and polyphenols. The results showed that the n-hexane fraction mhas antioxidant activity which is classified as very weak with an IC50 value of 299.80 ppm and the ethyl acetate fraction have strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 57.98 ppm.

The employing of komba-komba leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.), a medicinal plant that can prevent and treat many ailments, is one example of the expanding use of traditional medicine in the health field. To increase their use as traditional medicine, Komba-komba leaves must have complete information about their safety due to the abundance of secondary metabolite substances they contain. The goal of this work was to classify the extract components and fractions of komba-komba leaves using FTIR spectra and a PCA chemometric technique, as well as to estimate the hazardous potential of komba-komba leaves, total flavonoid and phenolic levels from komba-komba leaves. The BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method was used for acute toxicity testing. The toxicity test results revealed that the LC50 values of the komba-komba leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and insoluble ethyl acetate fraction had LC50 values 1000 ppm, indicating that the extract and n-hexane fractions were poisonous. The total flavonoid concentration was determined to be 243.4 mgEQ/g in the methanol extract, 380.1 in the n-hexane fraction, 512.8 in the ethyl acetate fraction, and 189 mgEQ/g in the ethyl acetate insoluble fraction. The methanol extract's total phenolic content was 146.3 mgEAG/g, whereas that of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and insoluble ethyl acetate fractions was 269.6, 360.9, and 109.3 mgEAG/g, respectively. From the results of the score plot, it can be seen that the PCA analysis was successful in demonstrating group differences between extracts and fractions of komba-komba leaves. Extracts and fractions of C.odorata L. leaves have moderate toxicity due to the presence of flavonoid and phenolic content, making them potential candidates for development as natural antioxidants.

Isolation, biological evaluation and validated HPTLC-quantification of the marker constituent of the edible Saudi plant Sisymbrium irio L.

This study aims to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of extracts and fractions from katuk leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. Katuk leaves were extracted using the maceration process and fractionated using the liquid-liquid method with solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Diffusion and dilution methods were used to measure the antibacterial activity, and crystal violet staining at a wavelength of 595 nm was used to measure the inhibition and biofilm destruction activities. The antibacterial and antibiofilm test results obtained were analyzed using ANOVA statistical test. The results of the diameter of the inhibition zone with a concentration of 75 mg/ml showed that the extract was 11.3 ± 1.02 mm, the ethyl acetate fraction was 18.1 ± 2.46 while the water and n-hexane fractions were 0.0 ± 0.0 mm. The antibiofilm test results showed inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with the average IC50 values obtained from extracts, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions were 10.248±0.405; 11.799±0.355; 8.332±0.585; and 11.372±0.557. While the average EC50 values obtained from the extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions were 9.343±0.586; 10.530±0.483; 7.695±0.491; and 8.490±0.954.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation are prevalent male sexual dysfunctions affecting various age groups. This study explores the potential aphrodisiac effects of Clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a plant rich in secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. Fractionation of the ethanol extract yielded n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in the water fraction, while steroids were detected in the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions. In vivo tests on male rats demonstrated that the ethanol extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions significantly reduced mounting latency (ML), increased mounting frequency (MF), and accelerated intromission latency (IL), indicating heightened sexual arousal and endurance. Moreover, these fractions delayed ejaculatory latency (EL) and increased ejaculation frequency (EF), akin to the positive control, X-Gra. Notably, the n-hexane fraction showed the closest efficacy to X-Gra. The presence of steroids in the active fractions suggests their role in eliciting aphrodisiac effects. Further isolation and purification of the active compound(s) may optimize therapeutic outcomes. This study underscores the potential of Clove leaf fractions as natural aphrodisiacs, warranting further investigation for clinical applications.

Free radicals work by binding to molecules or cells in the body and are very dangerous because they can damage cells in the body and trigger disease. Antioxidants are compounds that can counteract the effects of free radicals. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and the n-hexane, ethyl-acetate and water fractions of Australian guava peel (Psidium guajava L.). Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 70% ethanol. The skin of the Australian guava (Psidium guajava L.) contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids and saponins. Fractionation was carried out with solvents based on polarity differences obtained by the n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and air fraction. Antioxidant test by inhibiting DPPH free radicals (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) on ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and air at several concentrations, namely 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm. The IC50 calculation results obtained for the ethanol extract were 4.406 µg/mL, the n-hexane fraction was 4.131 µg/mL, the ethyl acetate fraction was 3.812 µg/mL and the air fraction was 3.312 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity with the best IC50 value was the fraction air.

A high number of infections from year to year require infectious diseases to get serious attention. The antimicrobial compound exploration must be continued to anticipate the development of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to find out in vitro antimicrobial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions of Piper betle green leaves against S. aureus , and profiles of secondary metabolite compounds contained in these three extracts. The antimicrobial activity test was carried out by disk diffusion test of the fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol at a concentration of 6,25, 12,5, and 18,75 µg/disk. Detection of secondary metabolite content was done by the Thin Layer Chromatography method with stain-view reagents. The highest antimicrobial activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction and was significantly different from the activity in the ethanol and n-hexane fractions. However, the antibacterial activity of all fractions was lower compared to the positive control of amoxiclav 30µg/disk. The phytochemical screening results of secondary metabolites of each fraction were shown that the n-hexane fraction contained alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthraquinone; the ethyl acetate fraction contained terpenoids, polyphenols, and anthraquinone; while the ethanol fraction contained alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and anthraquinone. Based on the test results, it is concluded that all fractions of Piper betle leaf extract had high antimicrobial activity; meanwhile, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest activities among others. Each fraction was proven to have a different composition of secondary metabolites.

Brenania brieyi (Rubiaceae) is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria, microbial infections, trypanosomal disease, infertility and inflammatory disorders. The study determined antitrypanosomal and antimicrobial activities of extract and fractions of B. brieyi. Cold maceration and solvent-solvent partitioning were used to obtain the extract and respective fractions in order of their increasing polarity: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and absolute methanol. Phytochemical analysis, acute toxicity test and haematological parameters (Packed Cell Volume, parasitemia count) were carried out using standard procedures. Rapid matching and Agar dilution methods were used for antitrypanosomal and antimicrobial studies respectively. The extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), fractions (200 mg/kg) and diminazine aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) were administered per oral. The extract was found to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg. The phytoconstituents present in the plant include tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phlobatannins, alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, quinones, steroids and phenols. The methanol extract of Brenania brieyi (MEBB) root showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition of parasitemia. Antitrypanosomal activity of the fractions showed that the fractions possess varying degree of parasitemia clearance at 200 mg/kg dose. Methanol fraction produced the highest parasitemia clearance (6.98 ± 0.08 %), followed by n-hexane (7.13± 0.23 %), dichloromethane (7.43± 0.14 %) while ethylacetate fraction (9.00± 0.00 %) caused the least parasitemia clearance when compared with the positive control (0.00± 0.00 %). Haematological parameters and survival time were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, n-hexane fraction exhibited significant (p < 0.05) increase in survival time at 200 mg/kg (after 26 days). Methanol fraction at MICs of 7 to10 mg/ml showed inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutant, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The results obtained revealed that the extract and fractions possess antitrypanosomal and antimicrobial activity. The study provides scientific evidences for the traditional uses of the plant in treating infectious diseases.

Stinkvine ( Paederia foetida L.) is known as a plant that has many properties that are empirically used in traditional medicine. However, information of utilization of Stinkvine leaf outside as a traditional medicine has not been discovered yet. This research aims to determine the potential larvicidal extracts and fractions of stinkvine leaf. The ethanol extract of stinkvine leaf fractionated using column chromatography with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Larvicidal activity test against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles III instar was done using 25 larvae for each treatment extracts and fractions in 5 series of concentration, and left exposed for 24 hours. Total mortality of larvae is calculated and analyzed using a modified Finney probit to determine the LC50 and LC90 values. The results showed larvicidal activity on larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with LC50 and LC90 value of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fraction respectively 67,89 ; 10,92 ; 30,98 µg/mL and 114,11 ; 18,80 ; 54, 12 µg/mL. Larvicidal activity on larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes with LC50 and LC90 value of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fraction respectively 50,76 ; 14,96 ; 60,82 µg/mL and 87,23 ; 25,65 ; 90,92 µg/mL. Ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of stinkvine leaf ( Paederia foetida L.) shows to have highest larvicidal activity against the mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles. The results of GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction showed there are 15 compounds, a constituent component consisting of lupeol (20,32 %), gamma-sitosterol (12,22 %), cyclohexanecarboxamide (11,82 %), campesterol (11,45 %), 3-butenol, 4- (2,6,6-trimethyl-1-sikloheksenil) (7,98 %), siklolanos-24-en-3-ol (7,87%), and there are 9 other components with a percentage amount of 0,18 to 5,86 %.

Peel of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is one of the plants used as an antibacterial agent as it contains saponin triterpenoid compounds, flavonoid compounds, and alkaloid compounds which can have antibacterial activity. This research aims to determine the antibacterial effect of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fraction of red dragon fruit’s peel against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the concentration of 10mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 80mg/ml dan 160mg/ml. This research was conducted by using laboratory experiments. The simplicia was macerated with 96% ethanol and fractionated by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical screening of the fraction was n-hexane fraction containing saponin and alkaloid, while the ethyl acetate fraction contained saponin and flavonoid. Kanamycin was used as a positive control, while DMSO was used as a negative control. According to this research, the MIC value of ethanol fraction, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction were 80mg/ml, 20mg/ml, and 80mg/ml, respectively, for E. coli and all fractions were 10mg/ml for S. aureus. Based on the average diameter of the inhibition zone, the largest diameter zone in E. coli was ethyl acetate fraction with 160mg/ml concentration that was 10,33mm. Meanwhile, in S. aureus n-hexane fraction, it was 160mg/ml, which was 11,20mm. This result showed that the n-hexane fraction has good gram-positive activity while the ethyl acetate fraction has good activity on gram-negative.

Free radical can damaged human body cells, antioxidant can inhibit the effect of free radical. The research was about potential antioxidant activity of extracts of the skin fraction of robusta coffe bean ( Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner). Extraction used maceration method with methanol 3x3 says at room temperature, yield of extract was 6,1% b/b. Fractionation based on differences in polarity, there were fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water fraction. Antioxidant test used a Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer with the method of inhibiting free radical DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhidrazyl) to fraction n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water at some concentration, 10 ppm, 30 ppm, 50 ppm, 70 ppm, and 90 ppm. The inhibition of free radicals (% inhibition) extract and fractions increased by a corresponding increase in concentration of the test. % inhibition value at 10 ppm for fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and the water fraction repectively were 20,5%, 45,14%, and 10,3%. IC50 of extract fraction of n-hexane was 187,019ppm, exstract fraction ethyl acetate was 40,687ppm and extract fraction water was 257,018ppm. The data obtained then analyzed statistically using one-way anova test then followed by a post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with a confidence level of 95%. One-way anova test results showed that there were significant differences between treatment groups (P <0.05). The LSD test results showed that each treatment group had a significant difference. The results of this test also showed that statistically, the treatment group with the best IC50 value respectively was the group of vitamin C, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction and water fraction Keywords: Antioxidants; Skin of robusta coffee beans ( Coffea canephora Pierre Ex A.Froehner); DPPH; Extraction; Fractionation.

Superior mutant rodent tuber plant (Typhoniumflagelliforme) is a medicinal herb of Indonesia, which immensely useful for anticancer activity. Some studies reported that the leaves and the tubers, conventionally parts of rodent tuber plant, showed various anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potential. This study aim is to determine the bioactive compounds of superior mutant rodent tuber plants through n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions using GC-MS for the analysis. Phytochemical characterization of the superior mutant rodent tuber plant extracts was detected by qualitative analysis. A total of 20 bioactive compounds were obtained in an n-hexane fraction. A total of 4 bioactive compounds were identified in ethyl acetate fraction. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of the major compound in ethyl acetate and n-hexane fraction were 9,11-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (55.37%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (26.77%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.97%), 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride (2.47%), humulene (1.11%), octahydronapthalene (0.97%), alloaromadendrene oxide-(2) (0.85%), pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.80%), methyl tetradecanoate (0.79%), and eucalyptol (0.69%). Most of the identified compounds in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibit following biology activity, such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-androgenic, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory. This study provides an overview of the chemical compounds and their beneficial impact on developing drugs from n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of the superior mutant rodent tuber plant.

Objective: To investigate antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract, fractions of water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane from tauco.Methods: Two types of tauco was extracted using soxhletation methods, followed by fractionation using liquid-liquid extraction methods and phytochemical screening. Antioxidant activity test was carried out using DPPH with Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a reference. Modified method of Farnsworth was applied for phytochemical screening.Results: It was found that extracts of ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction containing flavonoids, monoterpenoid, and sesquiterpenoids whereas the water fraction and a fraction of n-hexane only contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids. The IC50 value for the ethanol extract, water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of two taucos in a row were 1192.71 ppm, 1746.01 ppm, 722.38 ppm, 1845.45 ppm and 1190,15 ppm, 1740.30, 710.46, for tauco A and B respectively.Conclusion: It was unexpected that tauco ethanol extract and fractions showed much weaker antioxidant activity than vitamin C, which had the IC50 value of 4.41 ppm.