Abstract
Response to vaccines generally varies according to individual factors of the vaccinated subjects such as demographics and immune status. While there are various reports of factors associated with immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, little is known about those of adenovirus vector vaccines. We conducted a prospective observational study to assess the relationships of antibody level with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and adverse reactions (ARs) to an adenovirus vector vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Healthcare workers who planned to receive both the first and second injections of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine at Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, were enrolled in the study. Seven days after each injection, participants were asked to complete an online adverse reaction survey. In addition, anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody concentration was measured 4 weeks after the second injection. All participants (n = 447, 100%) showed serologic positivity (≥ 0.8 U/mL) 4 weeks after the second injection of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Furthermore, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD concentration was similar among groups when stratified by age, sex, BMI, or presence and severity of AR; multivariable linear regression found no associations between antibody response to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and age, BMI, sex, and vaccine-induced ARs. In conclusion, age, sex, obesity, and ARs were not associated with antibody responses after two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide to become the most serious health problem
We found a lack of association between antibody response to the ChAdOx1 nCoV19 vaccine and age, sex, obesity, and vaccine-induced adverse reactions (ARs)
Heterogeneity in immune responses among vaccine recipients can explain the variation in COVID19 vaccine efficacy
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide to become the most serious health problem. While it is difficult to assess the immunogenicity of vaccines, measuring antibody level to SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated subjects is accepted as a diagnostic test to determine vaccine efficacy despite caveats in interpretation of the results [9]. Less is known about factors affecting antibody responses to adenovirus vector vaccines, such as the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine. In this prospective observational study, we measured the serum level of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody in healthcare workers who were vaccinated twice with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and assessed the relationships of antibody level with age, sex, BMI, and ARs to the vaccine
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