Abstract
Every part of Calophyllum inophyllum L. has been used in various traditional remedies, especially the oil from its nut was mostly used to treat skin diseases. This study aimed to investigate the composition and antioxidant activity of C. inophyllum nut oil and formulate the oil as a cosmeceutical product. The chemical composition and the amount of total phenolic compounds (TPC) were demonstrated by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and Folin–Ciocalteu method, respectively. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method. Calophyllolide (4.35%) was a major component. Additional components were calanolide A, inophyllum D, and inophyllum B. We found that the TPC contained 25.9 ± 1.2 mg GE/g oil and a free radical scavenging activity approximate to that of the synthetic Trolox. Emulgel formulation consisted of tween 80, span 80, and isopropyl alcohol as a surfactant, and carbopol 940 as a gelling agent. The microemulsion was formulated using distilled water, oil, tween 80 with span 80, as a surfactant, and isopropyl alcohol as a cosurfactant. The mean droplet size for optimized microemulsion formulations was 34.37 ± 1.06 nm. Furthermore, the results of thermodynamic stability tests (freeze-thaw cycle) and long-term stability tests indicated that emulsions and microemulsions remained stable. In conclusion, this nut oil could potentially be used as a cosmeceutical product, and the obtained emulgels and microemulsions exhibited good characteristics in terms of being a potential agent for skin antioxidant.
Highlights
Calophyllum inophyllum L., known as Alexandrian laurel, Indian laurel, Kamani, Honne, Tamanu, etc., is widespread along the coasts and around areas adjacent to lowland forest
The major components were determined in the positive mode, namely calophyllolide (4.35%; RT 63.1690 min), calanolide A (1.29%; RT 56.2433 min), 3.2 total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity
The phenolics are the second metabolites from plants, they can inhibit free radicals by hydrogen atom transferring from their hydroxyl groups of phenol (Chen et al, 2020)
Summary
Calophyllum inophyllum L., known as Alexandrian laurel, Indian laurel, Kamani, Honne, Tamanu, etc., is widespread along the coasts and around areas adjacent to lowland forest. It is of medium to large sizes with an average height of 8 to 20 m and a broad spreading crown of irregular branches. The fruit is a round, green drupe of approximately 2–4 cm in diameter, and has a single large seed (Fig. 1). The seeds have a very high content of oil, up to 75%, which is non-edible in nature. This plant has been used for a long time in various ways, including wood, forages, perfume, dye, soaps, biofuels, and medicals. Calophyllolide is a major constituent isolated from C. inophyllum seed. Anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-coagulant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities of calophyllolide were reported (Arora et al, 1962; Yimdjo et al, 2004; Nguyen et al, 2017)
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