Antioxidant activity (2-2-diphenil-1-picrilhydrazil radical-scavenging assay) and phytochemicals of Mimosa invisa Colla and Mimosa pigra L. grown at different terrestrial habitats.

Antioxidant and Anti-Cholinergic Activities of Phenolic Compounds Isolated From Thymus Linearis Collected from Dir, Pakistan Due to the presence of polyphenol with strong natural antioxidant activity, thyme has been considered as a dietary supplement for many centuries. The main goal of the study was carried out to explore the phenolic compounds from Thymus linearis collected form Dir, Pakistan along with its antioxidant activity. From the methanolic extract of Thymus linearis, six compounds were isolated and identified as p-cymene, oleanolic acid, luteolin (LN), 4,5 dicaffeoyl quinic acid (DCQA), rosmarinic acid (RA) and salvianolic acid (SA) by column chromatography method. Antioxidant activity of isolated compounds by DPPH method, superoxide radical scavenging and ABTS assay as well as anticholinergic activity were measured with different concentrations which showed the results significantly. Data obtained from results of antioxidant and anticholinergic assays showed that IC50 values different doses were in order as DCQA>SA>RA>LN. So the study reveals that Thymus linearis contained phenolic compounds having strong natural antioxidant activity even at low dose (p<0.05). So it can be suggested that by adding the thymus in our daily life food, oxidative stress related disease can be combated due to its strong antioxidant activity..

Antioxidants are essential for neutralizing free radical and their presence in plants like mimosa weeds could be beneficial for various applications, include medical uses and agricultural development. This research focus on the potential antioxidant content of mimosa weed species (Mimosa pudica L., Mimosa invisa L., Mimosa pigra L.) from various plant parts (roots, stems, leaves and seed) using the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). This study aims to understand the interaction between different types of mimosa weeds and various plant parts in relation to antioxidant activity levels, as well as phytochemical content across the three types of Mimosa sp. using the DPPH method and determine the best-performing weed and plant parts based on the smallest IC50 value and highest phytochemical content. This research was conducted in Padang City. Sample drying and extraction were carried out at the Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, and phytochemical tests were performed at Vahana Scientific Laboratory Padang. The research took place from February to May 2024. The design used was a factorial Completely Randomize Design (CRD). The first factor is the treatment of Mimosa sp. weed species, namely: Mimosa pudica L., Mimosa invisa L. and Mimosa pigra L. The second factor was the treatment of different parts of the Mimosa sp. Namely: root, stem, leaf and seed. From these two factors, 12 treatment combinations were obtained, each repeated three times, resulting in a total of 36 experimental units. The research data were analyzed statistically with the F test at the 5% level and if F count &gt; F table at 5%, then it continued with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% level. The results showed that there was an interaction between mimosa weed species and plant parts in terms of antioxidant activity, as indicated by the IC50 values. The strongest antioxidant was found in the leaves of Mimosa pigra L., with an antioxidant value of 41.89 mg/L.

Commelina diffusa Burm. F. is a herbaceous tropical plant with different traditional medicinal uses. Present study is aimed to isolate the bioactive compounds from DCM-Methanol extract of the powdered whole plant of Commelina diffusa and to investigate the cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and its twelve vacuum liquid chromatographic fraction (CD1-12). Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) was employed to isolate bioactive metabolites. The physicochemical properties of the isolated compound were examined and the molecular structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidant activities were evaluated following brine shrimp lethality bioassay, disc diffusion method and DPPH free radical scavenging assay respectively. The isolated compound was identified as steroid (stigmasterol) which had significant cytotoxic effect on vero cell line. The crude extract and its fractions (CD8-CD12) exhibited strong cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay having LC50 values 3.79, 9.19, 29.49, 16.60, 19.36, 44.58 μg/mL respectively. The crude extract showed mild to strong antibacterial activity. Fractions (CD5-CD12) showed mild to strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in comparison with Kanamycin (standard). Strong antioxidant activities were found in crude extract (IC50 value 30.52 μg/ml), CD11 (IC50 value 39.27 μg/ml) and CD12 (IC50 value 19.50 μg/ml). The study suggests Commelina diffusa plant extract to have strong antioxidant and cytotoxic activity which is indicative of presence of compounds with broad spectrum of curative applications. One compound namely stigmasterol has been isolated from the plant.

Phytochemicals with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties have tremendous potential in suppressing both plant and human diseases. Screening and identification of such compounds from diverse plant species is the first step towards realizing their medicinal and agricultural application. In agriculture, application of antimicrobial phytochemicals as part of an Integrated Disease Management strategy would reduce the detrimental residual effect of synthetic chemicals. In the present study, an invasive plant species, i.e., Lantana camara L. was screened for potential antimicrobial and antioxidant phytochemicals. Extracts of leaves (LE) and flowers (FE) from L. camara were tested for their polyphenol content (total phenol, total flavonoid, and total alkaloid) and antioxidant potential [total antioxidant activity, iron chelating activity and enzymatic activity (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase)]. Both extracts exhibited high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities with relatively stronger antioxidant activity in the case of whole flower extracts. FTIR and GC-MS also carried out for chemical analysis of crude extracts. FTIR spectral study of LE and FE revealed the presence of different functional groups such as N-H, C-H, OH, C=O indicates the existence of various metabolites in the extracts. GC-MS study revealed the presence of 66 bioactive compounds, of which 19 components were predicted to have various functions like anti-inflammatory, antiandrogenic, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, etc. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal and antibacterial studies confirmed the antimicrobial effect of both LE and FE against phytopathogens like Magnaporthe oryzae, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Molecular study further revealed that phytochemicals (Loliolide, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Salicylic Acid Methyl Ester and Phytol) of Lantana camara could targets MAPK1, PDF and SUH like enzymes of phytopathogens, which could inhibit their growth. Therefore, L. camara extracts can be an important ingredient in the suppression of plant diseases.

Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are related to a large number of human degenerative diseases. Consequently, plants have been investigated across the world to exploit their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In the current study, Caralluma deflersiana is native to Saudi Arabia and was screened to assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential activities as well as the phenolic content/phytochemicals. Subsequently, the collected aerial parts were extracted by maceration with different solvents. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the total antioxidant capacity, diphenylpicryl hydrazine (DPPH)- radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays were used. The total phenolic content of C. deflersiana extracts was quantified using standard methods. As a result, the water extract of C. deflersiana displayed a strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods compared to other plant extracts. Moreover, it was also noted that water and methanolic extracts exhibited approximately similar bacterial and fungal growth inhibition. Additionally, the water extract of C. deflersiana also demonstrated the highest phenol content among other plant extracts, consistent with the higher antioxidant activity found in C. deflersiana. In conclusion, Caralluma species could be a promising source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Key words: Caralluma deflersiana, antioxidant, antimicrobial.

Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae) is a large medicinal plant which is traditionally used against a number of diseases including inflammatory conditions. In the present study crude methanol extract of M. champaca leaf was investigated for possible antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity. The extract showed remarkable antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity assays. In both DPPH radical and NO scavenging assay, the extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity and the IC50 values in DPPH radical scavenging and NO scavenging assays were found to be 30.07 μg/ml and 15.42 μg/ml, respectively while the IC50 values of ascorbic acid were 12.5 μg/ml and 4.07 μg/ml, respectively. Total antioxidant activity of the extract increased in a dose dependent manner. Analgesic activity of the crude extract was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing model of pain in mice. The crude extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w doses displayed significant (p &lt; 0.001) reduction in acetic acid induced writhing in mice with a maximum effect of 68.7% reduction at 400 mg/kg b.w. which is comparable to the standard, diclofenac sodium (78.2%). The extract was also investigated for cytotoxic potential using Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay. In this bioassay the extract showed significant toxicity to Brine Shrimp nauplii with the LC50 value of 11.22 μg/ml. Results of the present study suggest that M. champaca leaf extract possesses strong antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity. Key words: Michelia champaca; Magnoliaceae; Antioxidant; Analgesic; Cytotoxicity.DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i2.5818Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2009: 1-7

Abstract. Andriani D, Revianti S, Prananingrum W. 2020. Identification of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves and evaluation of their antifungal and antioxidant activity. Biodiversitas 21: 2521-2525. Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) is commonly found in mangroves along the east coast of Surabaya. It can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution and damage in mangrove ecosystems. Studies have reported that A. ilicifolius has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial, and hepatoprotective activity due to the chemical compounds in the plant. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds in methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius and their antifungal and antioxidant activity. The study involved laboratory experiments with a post-test only control group design. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans biofilm was determined using microtiter plates. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical screening used colorimetric methods. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius at 16% and 20% concentration had the same inhibitory effect as nystatin against C. albicans (about 70% inhibition of biofilm). Chemical compounds identified in the extract included flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, tannins, and steroids. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius have strong antioxidant and antifungal activity, and the plant’s phytochemical compounds are potential candidates for antifungal therapy.

Antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of plumbagin and other naphthoquinones

Background Plants are a rich source of therapeutic compounds that have tremendous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in the seven selected medicinal plants as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methods Phytochemical screening, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were determined using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was determined by the broth microdilution method. Results The results of phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and steroids in all plant extracts. The extract of Psychotria peduncularis showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (5.57 ± 0.22 mg GAE/g and 1.38 ± 0.06 mg QE/g, respectively). All plant extracts showed very strong antioxidant activity against DPPH and NO radical scavenging with IC50 values ranging from 0.55 to 49.43 µg/mL and 0.65 to 13.7 µg/mL, respectively. The extracts of Tristemma mauritianum and P. peduncularis displayed significant antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 16 to 1024 µg/mL. T. mauritianum extract showed bactericidal activity against all tested species. The extracts of Alsophila manianna and P. peduncularis showed significant antifungal activity (MIC = 64 µg/mL) against Candida albicans strain. Conclusion The screened extracts of medicinal plants used in our study can be used as potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, and resources for the development of new drugs.

Celastrus hindsii Benth et Hook. is known as a herbal medicine for the treatment of cancer. In this study we evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of Celastrus hindsii Benth et Hook. leaf extract. Samples of Celastrus hindsii were extracted with 90 % ethanol and subsequently fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) solvents. To evaluate the cytotoxic effect, we performed MTT (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2 - yl) - 2,5 - diphenyltetrazolium) assay on the three cell lines human liver Hep G2 (HB - 8065TM), lung LU-1 (HTB - 57TM), breast MCF-7 (HTB - 22TM). The antioxidant effect was evaluated by screening DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) free radical assay. The results showed that the EtOAc fraction had the strongest cytoxicity effects on liver cancer cells and lung cancer cells with an IC50 value of 33,7 ± 1,5 mg/mL and 13,0 ± 0,5 mg/mL. The BuOH fraction showed a weaker effect on lung cancer cells with IC50 value of 64,0 ± 2,2 mg/mL. The antioxidant results indicated that the EtOAc fraction had the best antioxidant effect with IC50 value of 46,9 ± 2,5 µg/mL. The EtOH total extract also has strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 48,5 ± 2,3 µg/mL. Our study showed that Celastrus hindsii leaf extract has the strong cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities.&#x0D; Keywords&#x0D; Celastrus hindsii Benth et Hook., cytotoxicity, MTT, antioxidant, DPPH.&#x0D; References&#x0D; [1] Ministry of health, General oncology. 2009: Vietnam Education Publishing House Limited Company, 9-10.[2] N.V. Tuyen, Pharmaceutical chemistry curriculum, 2014, Science and Technics Publishing House. 222-223.[3] V.V. Chi. Dictionary of Vietnamese medicinal plants. Medical Publishing House 1 (2012).[4] V. Gan, G. Chen, W. Zhang, J. Zhou . Oleanen induces apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by up-regulation of Bim. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 22(1) (2012) 38.[5] Y.H. Kuo, L.M.Y. Kuo. Antitumour and anti-AIDS triterpenes from Celastrus hindsii. Phytochemistry 44(7) (1997) 1275.[6] T. Mosmann, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays 65(1-2) (1983) 55.[7] P. Mahakunakorn, M. Tohda, Y. Murakami, K. Matsumoto, H.J.B. Watanabe, P. Bulletin, Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity of Choto-san and its related constituents 27(1) (2004) 38.[8] P.T. Thuong, M.K. Na, N.H. Dang, T.M. Hung, P.T. Ky, T.V. Thanh, et al. Antioxidant activities of Vietnamese medicinal plants 12(1) (2006) 29.[9] X.Q. Hu, W. Han, Z.Z. Han, Q.X. Li, X.K. Xu, P. Fu, et al. A new macrocyclic lactone and a new quinoflavan from Celastrus hindsii. Phytochemistry letters 7 (2014) 169.[10] A.C. Spivey, M. Weston, Woodhead SJCSR. Celastraceae sesquiterpenoids: biological activity and synthesis 31(1) (2002) 43.[11] T.L. Ngoc, Technology. Separation process of rosmarinic acid and their derivatives from Celastrus hindsii benth leaves. Vietnam Journal of Science 54(2C) (2016) 380.[12] F.R. Mowsumi, A. Rahaman, N.C. Sarker, B.K. Choudhury, Hossain SJWJPPS. In vitro relative free radical scavenging effects of Calocybe indica (milky oyster) and Pleurotus djamor (pink oyster). 4(07) (2015).[13] T.D. Viet, T.D. Xuan, T.M. Van, Y. Andriana, R. Rayee, H.D. Tran. Comprehensive Fractionation of Antioxidants and GC-MS and ESI-MS Fingerprints of Celastrus hindsii Leaves. Medicines 6(2) (2019) 64.[14] T.N. Ly, M. Shimoyamada, Yamauchi RJJoa, chemistry f. Isolation and characterization of rosmarinic acid oligomers in Celastrus hindsii Benth leaves and their antioxidative activity 54(11) (2006) 3786.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) is one of the plants that has antioxidant properties and activity as a sunscreen, so to facilitate its use it must be formulated in the form of body lotion. This study aims to test the antioxidant and sunscreen activity of a body lotion preparation from dewandaru leaf extract. Ethanol extract of dewandaru leaves is obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol. The ethanol extract of dewadaru leaves was identified as an active compound using phytochemical screening and FTIR. The body lotion formulation uses an extract with a concentration of 5% (F1); 10% (F2) and 15% (F3). Body lotion was tested for antioxidant and sunscreen activity using the ABTS method and the Mansur equation. The results of the absorbance data were analyzed using linear regression to obtain the IC₅₀ value and SPF value. The results of phytochemical screening showed that dewandaru leaf extract contained phenolic compounds and flavonoids. It was proven by the FTIR test results that the ethanol extract of dewandaru leaves contains flavonoid compounds such as dihydroflavonol which have the functional groups OH, aliphatic CH, C=O and C–O. Evaluation of the physical characteristics of body lotion preparations, all formulas meet the requirements. Dewandaru leaf ethanol extract body lotion has strong antioxidant activity in all formulas and the best antioxidant activity results were obtained at F3 with an IC50 value of 59.85 ppm. Dewandaru leaf ethanol extract body lotion has the potential as a sunscreen with an SPF value of F1, namely 7.5675 in the extra protection category, F2, namely 16.1866 in the ultra protection category, and F3, namely 17.003 in the ultra protection category. So based on the results above, the greater the concentration, the stronger the antioxidant activity and sunscreen activity obtained. Keywords: Antioxidants; body lotion; dewandaru leaves; sunscreen

Aging is a natural skin process that occurs due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as excessive exposure to ultraviolet light (photoaging). The mechanism of damage involves the production of excess free radicals that trigger oxidative stress in the skin. Determining the natural products that have high antioxidant activities as antiaging is important. Cinnamomum burmannii and Michelia champaca are typical Aceh plants that are believed to have high antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determining the contents of C. burmannii and M. champaca as well as to determine the antioxidant and antiaging activities of either individually or combinations. The qualitative phytochemical and semi-quantitative analysis of the extracts were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was examined by radical scavenging using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method while the antiaging activity was measured using the tyrosinase enzyme inhibition test. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of C. burmannii were higher than M. champaca (66.34 vs 24.71 mg gallic acid equivalent/gr and 80.52 vs 60.20 mg quercetin equivalent/gr, respectively. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of M. champaca extract in inhibiting DPPH indicated that M. champaca had a better antioxidant activity than C. burmannii. The combination of C. burmannii and M. champaca extracts had a lower IC50 compared to M. champaca alone. C. burmannii and M. champaca extracts had a weak potential to inhibit tyrosinase activity (IC50 value ≥1000 μg/mL). In conclusion, this study indicates that M. champaca and C. burmannii have strong antioxidant activities and these might associate with polyphenol contents.

SOUR CHERRY (PRUNUS CERASUS L.) PRODUCTION TOWARDS THE UTILIZATION FOR A NEW CENTURY

Characterization of essential oil composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties in wild and planted individuals of Valeriana jatamansi Jones

Sea buckthorn serves a dual purpose as a food and medicinal source. This study compared the flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and anti-fatigue effects of sea buckthorn puree (SBP), sea buckthorn flavonoid (SBF), and sea buckthorn leaf tea extract (SBLTE). The flavonoid contents of rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS+), and hydroxyl (OH·) radical scavenging assays. Anti-fatigue activity in mice was evaluated through weight-bearing swimming experiments. Moreover, correlation analysis among ingredients, antioxidant activity, and anti-fatigue activity was performed. SBF exhibited the lowest EC50 value of 0.198±0.005mg/mL for the DPPH assay, whereas SBLTE exhibited the lowest EC50 values of 4.56±0.08 and 0.101±0.00mg/mL for ABTS+ and OH· radicals, respectively. All samples prolonged the exhaustive swimming time of mice (extension rate: 34.14±2.78% to 82.99±21.60%), with SBF exhibiting the highest superoxide dismutase (705.20±21.28U/mgprot). SBF exhibited the lowest lactic acid (7.63±0.31mmol/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (882.36±5.10U/L) levels. SBLTE exhibited the highest catalase activity (1204.80±37.02U/mgprot) and the lowest blood urea nitrogen value (11.22±0.16mg/dL). SBF and SBLTE groups exhibited the lowest creatine kinase levels at 857.69±35.75 and 913.83±33.68U/L, respectively. Histological analysis indicated improved liver structure, and Pearson correlation revealed strong associations between radical scavenging and antioxidant enzyme levels. They could serve as key components in developing functional anti-fatigue foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Sea buckthorn puree, leaf tea, and flavonoids are convenient, commercially available beverages with strong antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities. The results of this study can serve as product descriptions and provide useful guidance for consumers.