Antinociception by adenosine analogs and inhibitors of adenosine metabolism in an inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia model in the rat

Abstract

The present study examined the spinal antinociceptive effects of adenosine analogs and inhibitors of adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase in the carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia model in the rat. The possible enhancement of the antinociceptive effects of adenosine kinase inhibitors by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor also was investigated. Unilateral hindpaw inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of lambda carrageenan (2 mg/100 μl), which consistently produced significant paw swelling and thermal hyperalgesia. Drugs were administered intrathecally, either by acute percutaneous lumbar puncture (individual agents and combinations) or via an intrathecal catheter surgically implanted 7–10 days prior to drug testing (antagonist experiments). N 6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA; adenosine A 1 receptor agonist; 0.01–1 nmol), 2-[ p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-5′- N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS21680; adenosine A 2A receptor agonist; 0.1–10 nmol), 5′-amino-5′-deoxyadenosine (NH 2dAdo; adenosine kinase inhibitor; 10–300 nmol), and 5-iodotubercidin (ITU; adenosine kinase inhibitor; 0.1–100 nmol) produced, to varying extents, dose-dependent antinociception. No analgesia was seen following injection of 2′-deoxycoformycin (dCF; an adenosine deaminase inhibitor; 100–300 nmol). Reversal of drug effects by caffeine (non-selective adenosine A 1/A 2 receptor antagonist; 515 nmol) confirmed the involvement of the adenosine receptor, while antagonism by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT; adenosine A 1 receptor antagonist; 242 nmol), but not 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX; adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist; 242 nmol), evidenced an adenosine A 1 receptor mediated spinal antinociception by NH 2dAdo. dCF (100 nmol), which was inactive by itself, enhanced the effects of 10 nmol and 30 nmol NH 2dAdo. Enhancement of the antinociceptive effect of ITU by dCF was less pronounced. None of the antinociceptive drug regimens had any effect on paw swelling. These results demonstrate that both directly and indirectly acting adenosine agents, when administered spinally, produce antinociception through activation of spinal adenosine A 1 receptors in an inflammatory model of thermal hyperalgesia. The spinal antinociceptive effects of selected adenosine kinase inhibitors can be significantly augmented when administered simultaneously with an adenosine deaminase inhibitor.