Abstract
BackgroundBacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide in humans, but the pathogenic spectrum varies from region to region. Long-term monitoring of the pathogenic spectrum and changes in bacterial antibiotic resistance is hugely important for effective clinical therapy and infection control. This study examined the data for BSIs in Tongji Hospital, one of the largest teaching hospitals in China, in an attempt to gain better understanding of bacterial antibiotic resistance in China, focusing on central China.MethodsData from Tongji Hospital for a 20-year period (1998–2017) were used for a retrospective analysis to understand the pathogenic spectrum of BSIs and the changes occurring in antimicrobial resistance in central China. The disk diffusion and E test methods were used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute methodologies, and the data were analyzed by WHONET 5.6 software.ResultsThe isolated pathogens mainly came from hospitalized patients not treated in intensive care units (ICUs), and accounted for 81.5% of the total (9130/11200). The most common Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial BSI-causing pathogens were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The detection rate for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the hospitalized non-ICU patients increased from 8.4% in 1998–2002 to 63% in 2013–2017, while the detection rate for carbapenem-resistant (CR) Klebsiella pneumoniae was below 5% in 1998–2012 but increased to 34.9% in 2013–2017. In contrast, worryingly, the detection rate for CR K. pneumoniae in ICU patients increased from 0% in 2013 to 75% in 2016. E. coli displayed the highest sensitivity rates to imipenem, meropenem and amikacin, all of which were > 90%, followed by cefoxitin at > 80%, and cefoperazone/sulbactam at > 70%. K. pneumoniae isolates were most sensitive to imipenem, meropenem and amikacin antibiotics, with sensitivity rates exceeding 60%. S. aureus isolates were most sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, with sensitivity rates exceeding 90%.ConclusionsBSIs caused by CR K. pneumoniae clearly posed a severe challenge to infection control and treatment of ICU and non-ICU patients in this retrospective study, while MRSA was an issue for non-ICU patients.
Highlights
Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide in humans, but the pathogenic spectrum varies from region to region
Analyzing the pathogenic spectrum of BSIs and the changes occurring in the antimicrobial resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria from the data accumulated over many years is very important for clinicians and for infection control
The surveillance network data (KorGLASS) from South Korea in 2016–2017 showed that E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common BSI-causing pathogens [3], whereas the data for Japan showed that E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp. were the most common BSIcausing pathogens [4]
Summary
Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide in humans, but the pathogenic spectrum varies from region to region. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) inflict high morbidity and mortality on people from both developed and developing countries in the world. Analyzing the pathogenic spectrum of BSIs and the changes occurring in the antimicrobial resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria from the data accumulated over many years is very important for clinicians and for infection control. Data from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net, formerly EARSS, which includes 198 laboratories in 22 European countries) from 2002 to 2009 indicated that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common BSI-causing pathogens [2]. The surveillance network data (KorGLASS) from South Korea in 2016–2017 showed that E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common BSI-causing pathogens [3], whereas the data for Japan showed that E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp. were the most common BSIcausing pathogens [4]
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