Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health threat, which has elicited a high-level political declaration at the United Nations General Assembly, 2016. In response, member countries agreed to pay greater attention to the surveillance and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control called for a review of AMR in Nigeria using a “One Health approach”. As anecdotal evidence suggests that food animal health and production rely heavily on antimicrobials, it becomes imperative to understand AMR trends in food animals and the environment. We reviewed previous studies to curate data and evaluate the contributions of food animals and the environment (2000–2016) to the AMR burden in Nigeria using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart focused on three areas: Antimicrobial resistance, residues, and antiseptics studies. Only one of the 48 antimicrobial studies did not report multidrug resistance. At least 18 bacterial spp. were found to be resistant to various locally available antimicrobials. All 16 residue studies reported high levels of drug residues either in the form of prevalence or concentration above the recommended international limit. Fourteen different “resistotypes” were found in some commonly used antiseptics. High levels of residues and AMR were found in food animals destined for the human food chain. High levels of residues and antimicrobials discharged into environments sustain the AMR pool. These had evolved into potential public health challenges that need attention. These findings constitute public health threats for Nigeria’s teeming population and require attention.
Highlights
The reliance of public health and animal health on antimicrobials since the last century is well known and undisputable [1]
We developed some research questions that were used as guides during the study to pursue the attainment of our objectives towards establishing the situation analysis of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the Nigerian environment from food animals
We observed that few studies were undertaken before 2009, with no antimicrobial resistance studies (AMRS), but only four antimicrobial residue studies (ARS), after which there was an increase in AMRS research from 2009 until recently (Table 1a)
Summary
The reliance of public health and animal health on antimicrobials since the last century is well known and undisputable [1] This reliance (sometimes, over-reliance) and its attendant successes have evolved to become a threat to global animal and human health through the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) [2]. AMR is the ability of a microorganism (bacteria, viruses, and certain parasites) to prevent an antimicrobial (antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials) from working against it [4]. This may lead to resultant ineffectiveness of standard treatments and the infections may persist, with a higher likelihood of spread [5].
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