Antimicrobial Finishing of Textiles by Application of Triphala, an Ayurvedic Medicine

Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) has bioactive compounds such as phenols and flavonoids as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and time drying on total phenols, total flavonoids, and phytochemical compounds from stem and leaves kecombrang powder using the cabinet dryer method. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD). Factors tested in this study were kecombrang plant parts (stems and leaves) and drying temperature (50°C, 60°C, and 70°C). The variables observed in this study were total phenols, total flavonoids, water content and phytochemical compounds from stem and leaves kecombrang powder. Quantitative research results showed that kecombrang leaf powder with a drying temperature of 70°C had total phenols, total flavonoids and water content respectively of 35.89 mg TAE I g, 2.132 mg QE I g and 5.557%. Meanwhile, kecombrang stem powder with a drying temperature of 60°C has a total phenol, total flavonoid and water content respectively of 6.030 mg TAE I g, 0.160 mg QE I g and 7.873%. The results of phytochemical testing showed that the positive kecombrang leaf powder contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid, tannin, phenol and negative compounds containing glycoside compounds while the positive kecombrang stem powder contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols and negatively contained glycoside compounds, while kecombrang stem powder positively contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols while negatively containing tannins, saponins and glycosides.

Background: The therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants are well known. Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a significant medicinal herb with beneficial medical characteristics in folk medicine, such as anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Objectives: This study was conducted to characterize and quantify the chemical composition of S. officinalis and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different plant extracts against various bacteria and fungi. Methods and Materials: The phytochemical content of S. officinalis was determined by chemical tests. The phenolic and alkaloid components of the plant were identified and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The inhibitory activity of four different extracts of S. officinalis was evaluated against selected bacteria and fungi using the well diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, compounds, saponin, coumarin, tannins, resins, steroids, and carbohydrates. HPLC analysis showed that S. officinalis contained many phenolic and alkaloid compounds. The phenolic compounds identified were chlorogenic, lignan, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, quercitin, 4-hydroxylbenzoic acid, catechol, cinnamic, kaempferol, gallic acid, while the alkaloid compounds were caffeine, retrosine, solanum, pilocarpine, veratrum, tropane, berberine, theobromine, ethylbenzhydramine, phencyclidine, gallocatechin, benzfetamine, and amfepramone. The antimicrobial effect was tested at a concentration (100 mg/mL) for various extracts, and the ethyl acetate extract was most efficient against most tested microorganisms. The extracts demonstrated good activity against Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi. Conclusion: Various phenolic acids and alkaloids were identified in this investigation. Salvia officinalis exhibited a range of antibacterial and antifungal activity, and these plants can be used to treat illnesses caused by the test microorganisms.

3 - Common and nano-antimicrobial textile finishes

The antioxidant interactions between several natural phenolic and non-phenolic compounds (catechin, quercetin, rutin, resveratrol, gallic acid and ascorbic acid) and organic acids (tartaric, citric and dihydroxyfumaric acids) have been investigated through the DPPH method. Main additive and antagonistic interactions have been found for the combinations of catechin, quercetin, resveratrol and gallic acid with tartaric and citric acids; such behavoir can be due to the enhanced stability of the phenolic compounds in the acidic media. Rutin and ascorbic acid demonstrated good synergistic effects with tartaric and citric organic acids, which may rely on the polymerization processes for rutin, and change of the mechanism of action in case of ascorbic acid. In combination with dihydroxyfumaric acid, the mixtures showed dose - dependent synergistic, additive or antagonistic antioxidant interactions. Good synergystic effects have been registered for the binari mixtures of dihydroxyfumaric acid with ascorbic acid, catechin and rutin.

Johar leaves (Cassia siamea Lam.) have been traditionally used to treat pruritus due to their antibacterial properties. This study aims to identify the active fraction of an ethanolic extract of Johar leaves against Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as the active chemical class. The extraction process involved maceration with 96% ethanol. The liquid-liquid extraction method was used to separate the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. The resulting extract and fraction were assessed for antibacterial activity using the well diffusion method. Sample loadings of 4 mg, 2 mg and 1 mg per well were used, with DMSO as a negative control and 6 mg chloramphenicol as a positive control. The test results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction is more effective than the extract. Specifically, the fraction produced an inhibition zone of 13.5 ± 0.5 mm at a loading of 4 mg/well, while the extract only produced an inhibition zone of 9.3 ± 1.2 mm at the same loading. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the diameter of the inhibitory zone between treatment groups at p 0.05. The TLC results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of Johar leaves contains alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, and steroid compounds when using silica gel 60 F254 stationary phase and chloroform:ethyl acetate:ethanol (7:2:1 v/v/v) mobile phase. Bioautography results showed that the phenolic and alkaloid compounds at Rf 0.22 and phenolic compound at Rf 0.42 are responsible for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The purpose of this study was to examine antibacterial and antifungal activity of antibacterial finish based on Citric acid on cotton medical textiles. The ability to effectively reduce the number of gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and yeast was evaluated, specifically comparing the antibacterial activity after two different drying/curing methods. Citric acid (CA) and diethyl–tetradecyl–[3–(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl] ammonium chloride (Quat) were used for hygiene and disinfection purposes of medical textiles in this study. It was applied by pad-dry process and its fixation to cellulose hydroxyls was enhanced either by high curing temperatures or microwaves (MW). Determination of antibacterial activity of finished products was performed according to ISO 20743:2007 standard before the washing and after the 10 washing cycles. Antibacterial activity was tested against gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, gram-positive-Staphylococcus aureus and yeast, Candida albicans. Obtained results are confirming the possibility of eco-friendly CA application, for the purpose of antimicrobial finishing of cotton medical textiles. Prevention of nosocomial infections with the Citric acid is possible using both curing methods (convection and microwave) and furthermore, the treatment is durable up to 10 washing cycles. Citric acid, as one of the suitable active substances is crosslinked to the cellulose hydroxyls by the formation of ester linkages. Its antimicrobial effectiveness against the chosen microorganisms proved to be the best against S. aureus. Applied finish bath has additional crease proof effectiveness providing sufficient both antimicrobial and crease proof effectiveness, so as the durability against 10 washing cycles.

Antimicrobial finishing of textiles has been found to be an economical way to prevent (or treat) skin disorders. Hence, this research effort was aimed at elucidating the relationship between molecular weight (MW) of chitosan and its antimicrobial activity upon six dermal reference microorganisms, as well as the influence of the interactions with cotton fabrics on said activity. Using 3 chitosans with different MW, as well as two chitooligosaccharide (COS) mixtures, a relevant antimicrobial effect was observed by 24 h for the six microorganisms tested; it was apparent that the antimicrobial effect is strongly dependent on the type of target microorganism and on the MW of chitosan being higher for lower MW in the case of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, and the reverse in the case of both Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, a strong anti-fungal effect was detectable upon C. albicans, resembling the action over Gram-positive bacteria. Interactions with cotton fabric resulted in a loss of COS activity when compared with cultured media, relative to the effect over Gram-negative bacteria. However, no significant differences for the efficacy of all the 5 compounds were observed by 4 h. The three chitosans possessed a higher antimicrobial activity when impregnated onto the fabric, and presented a similar effect on both Gram-positive bacteria and yeast, in either matrix. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed to be the most resistant microorganism to all five compounds.

This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of ethanol-extracts obtained from Ocimum gratissimum L. (clove or African basil, Lamiaceae) and O. santum L. (holy basil) against some microorganisms present in oral cavity related to either medical or dental disease. Antimicrobial properties of both ethanol-extracts of Ocimum species against Streptococcus mutans KPSK2, S. pyogenes ATCC 19615, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 16794, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were primarily determined by agar disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal or fungicidal concentration (MBC or MFC) of these herbal extracts were further determined by broth micro-dilution method. Ethanol-extracts of O. sanctum L. and O. gratissimum L. inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms in various degrees ranging from the strongest antimicrobial activity of O. sanctum against S. pyogenes [MIC at 0.19% (w/v); MBC at 0.78% (w/v)] to the least inhibitory activity of O. gratissimum against C. albicans [MIC at 12.5% (w/v); undetectable MFC]. The ethanol-extract of O. sanctum showed stronger antimicrobial property against the tested bacteria and fungus than O. gratissimum. The ethanol-extracts of both Ocimum species showed stronger antibacterial than antifungal activity. However, the ethanol-extract of O. gratissimum even at a high concentration of 50% (w/v) was unable to eliminate the tested fungus. Ethanol-extracts of Ocimum species contain effective antibacterial and antifungal properties that may be beneficial for further development of antimicrobial agents in medical and dental fields.

Indonesia is known for its high biodiversity, particularly in herbal medicine, with cashew trees being one of the most used plants. Cashew leaves contain proteins, fats, carbohydrates, calcium, and vitamins B1 and B2. They are used as herbal medicine in various parts of Indonesia, including kidney disease treatment, mouthwash, and kanker disease drugs. The ethanol extract from cashew leaves contains secondary metabolite compounds such as phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins. The bioactivity of cashews includes antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammation properties. The cardanol compound from cashew leaves has the highest antioxidant activity compared to cardol and anacardic acid, with IC50 values of 3,22±0.07 ?g/ml and 0,06±0.01 ?g/mL, respectively. This research aims to isolate phenolic compounds from cashew leaves, identify their structure, and measure antioxidant activity. The study analyzed the phytochemical screening of A. occidentale leaf extracts, revealing variations in their components. Hexane extracts were positive for tannin and terpenoid compounds, while dichloromethane extracts were positive for all compounds except saponin and cardiac glycoside. Ethyl acetate extracts were positive for terpenoids and flavonoids. Methanol extracts were positive in nearly all assays except for anthraquinone. The isolated compound from A. occidentale leaf yielded a yellow powder with a melting point of 247-248?C. The crude extract had an IC50 value of 59.19 ± 2.38 ?g/mL, while the phenolic separated element had a value of 191.815 ± 1.07 ?g/mL. Flavonoids are a group of antioxidants that act as chelators and scavengers of free radicals, targeting hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and peroxynitrites. The Anacardiaceae family species contain numerous phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties, which can help manage elevated free radical generation conditions. Further research is needed to determine the specific phenolic chemicals responsible for the antioxidant activity of the species and evaluate their contribution to this activity. Anacardium occidentalale L. leaves, seeds, and stem bark extracts have been found to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The traditional herbal medicine of Indonesia, Jamu, is a valuable source of antioxidants and prooxidants

The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in natural antimicrobial alternatives. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are Gram-positive bacteria known to cause various infections, including skin diseases and pharyngitis. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L) against the growth of S. aureus and S. pyogenes. The goji berry extract was prepared using the maceration method with 96% ethanol, followed by evaporation to obtain a concentrated extract. Antibacterial testing was conducted using the well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) with extract concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%. Ampicillin (10 mg) served as the positive control, while 10% DMSO was used as the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and glycosides—compounds known for their antimicrobial properties. Results showed that all concentrations of goji berry extract exhibited inhibitory effects against both bacteria. The 50% concentration produced the highest average inhibition zone, measuring 24.13 mm for S. aureus and 24.42 mm for S. pyogenes, categorized as very strong inhibition. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among treatment groups (p < 0.05), with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests used for S. aureus and One-Way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc for S. pyogenes. The findings indicate that goji berry extract possesses promising antibacterial activity, particularly at higher concentrations, and may be developed further as an alternative therapeutic agent against infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

Selected sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds were analysed in mature fruits of ‘Williams’ pears using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Fruits were harvested from the branches of trees tested in three treatments: branches were bent in summer 2003 (1 September), in spring 2004 (15 May) and control (branches were not bent). Pears contained up to 73.54 g kg−1 fresh weight (FW) of fructose, 9.42 g kg−1 FW of glucose, 7.94 g kg−1 FW of sucrose and 24.59 g kg−1 FW of sorbitol. Major organic acids were (in order of descending quantity) citric, malic, shikimic and fumaric acid (up to 3.05 g kg−1 FW, 2.24 g kg−1 FW, 71.79 mg kg−1 FW and 0.49 mg kg−1 FW, respectively). Chlorogenic acid (280.86–357.34 mg kg−1 FW) was the predominant phenolic acid, followed in concentration (mg kg−1 FW) by syringic acid (95.46–131.32), epicatechin (46.55–83.09), catechin (25.67–44.81), vanillic acid (1.87–3.48), sinapic acid (0.83–1.72) and caffeic acid (0.72–1.04). Significant differences in content of fructose, sorbitol, total sugars, catechin, epicatechin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and a sum of determined phenolic compounds were observed among the treatments. Fruits from summer bending branches had the lowest content of individual sugars, citric acid and phenolic compounds and the highest content of malic, shikimic and fumaric acid. The highest content of fructose, sorbitol, sucrose, total sugars, caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin and syringic acid were determined in the fruits from the spring treatment. In the control treatment the highest content of glucose, citric acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, as well a sum of determined phenolics, were observed. The lowest content of fumaric acid was in the spring treatment and of malic and shikimic acid in the control. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

High citric acid content in kiwifruit wine would lead to bad sensory experience and quality deterioration. It is opportune and crucial to develop an appropriate and feasible method to degrade citric acid for kiwifruit wine. The non-Saccharomyces yeasts confirmed to have the ability to degrade citric acid were screened and used in kiwifruit wine fermentation in the study. A representative number of 23 yeasts with a strong citric acid degradation ability was identified by molecular approaches. JT-1-3, identified to be Pichia fermentans, was preferred for high citric acid degradation and strong stress resistance in association with RV002 (commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Then it was pure-cultured in kiwifruit juice, and the results indicated that citric, malic and tartaric acids declined significantly from 12.30, 3.09 and 0.61 g/L to 11.00, 2.02 and 0.41 g/L after fermentation, respectively, resulting in the significant decrease in total acid in kiwifruit wine. The analytical profiles for amino acids and volatile compounds showed that Pichia fermentans JT-1-3 could improve amino acids’ proportion and increase the volatile compounds of alcohols, esters and phenols. This work indicated that JT-1-3 has great potential to be applied for fruit wine with high level citric acid.

Metals, such as copper and silver, can be extremely toxic to bacteria at exceptionally low concentrations. Because of this biocidal activity, metals have been widely used as antimicrobial agents in a multitude of applications related with agriculture, healthcare, and the industry in general. A large number of microorganisms live in the human environment. if the balance of these creatures in nature is disturbed, the health of the individual and society will be threatened due to the production and emission of unpleasant odors and the reduction of health standards. The presence of microorganisms on textiles can cause adverse effects such as discoloration or staining on textiles, decomposition of fibrous materials, reduced strength, and eventually decay of textiles. Most fibers and polymers do not show resistance to the effects of microbes and by providing growth factors for microorganisms such as the right temperature and humidity, nutrients from sweat and fat from skin glands, dead skin cells as well as materials used in the stage of finishing the textiles causes the rapid growth and spread of various microbes. With the advent of nanotechnology, various industries and human daily life underwent changes. In recent years, increasing research on nanoparticles has led to the production of textiles with greater efficiency and added value. These modified textiles prevent the spread of unpleasant odors, the spread, and transmission of diseases. This article reviews the basics and principles of antimicrobial tetiles, as well as a brief overview of antimicrobial materials and nanostructures with antimicrobial properties.

Plant-based antimicrobial finishing of textiles is comparable in efficacy, can replace synthetic antimicrobial agents, and is environmentally safe and effective. However, developing durable antimicrobial finishes on cotton-based textiles is a challenge. This research reports the development and characterization of nano-emulsions obtained from Karanja [ Milletia pinnata] and Gokhru [ Pedalium murex Linn] plants. The nano-emulsions were produced using Milletia pinnata, coconut oil, and curry leaves (nano-emulsion 1) and Pedalium murex, coconut oil, and curry leaves (nano-emulsion 2). The nano-emulsions were characterized for their thermal stability, particle size, pH, and percentage add-on. Two different oils, with surfactant (polysorbate) ratios [1:1 and 1:2], were finished on organic cotton fabrics using a batch process. Scanning electron microscopy images were evaluated to determine the surface morphology of the finished fabrics, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry images of nano-emulsions were studied to determine the specific chemical constituents of nano-emulsions 1 and 2. The finished fabrics were evaluated for their antimicrobial resistance using various gram-positive bacteria [ Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis], which are found on human skin and cause nosocomial infections, gram-negative bacteria [ Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae], which cause urinary tract infections, and fungi [ Aspergillus niger]. The antimicrobial resistance was in the range of 98.62–99.87%, even after 10 washes, indicating that the finishes were effective and durable. The finished and unfinished fabrics were also evaluated for their performance properties, tensile strength, and moisture vapor transmission rate, and the results indicated good durability and comfort characteristics. Our findings highlight the potential of plant-based antimicrobial agents for durable finishing of cotton textiles with antimicrobial properties, thus preventing the spread of infections.

Observations of organic compounds associated with natural sources are scarce in Antarctica, which limits our understanding of their sources and formation processes over the pristine region. Summertime Antarctic PM10 samples collected from Bharati station were studied for a homologous series of dicarboxylic acids (C2‐C12), ω‐oxoacids (C2‐C9), α‐dicarbonyls (C2‐C3) as well as citric and pyruvic acids by employing a water‐extraction followed by dibutyl ester derivatization technique and analyzed using capillary gas chromatography (GC). Results show that succinic (C4) and citric acids are the foremost abundant among the measured organic acids followed by glyoxylic (ωC2), azelaic (C9), and adipic (C6) acids. Such a typical molecular distribution of organic acids suggests the dominance of natural sources over the Antarctic. Two distinct air masses arrived from different altitudes, high and low altitude‐troposphere (HTAs and LTAs), showed a significant difference in mass concentrations of organic acids with higher values in LTAs. Total diacids‐C accounted for ∼9% of total carbon in HTAs, which is linked to chemical aging during long‐range transport. The higher abundance of C4 and citric acids are likely produced through secondary photooxidation of marine‐derived organic precursors, such as unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic, and biogenic isoprene compounds enriched in sea‐surface microlayer, via sea‐to‐air emission as confirmed by the significant (p < 0.05) correlations among the organic tracer compounds. Minor concentrations of oxalic and malonic (C2 and C3) acids were attributed to photo iron‐complex reactions in the aqueous‐phase atmosphere. These findings may help in reducing model uncertainties and present new insights into the secondary formation of organic aerosols in the polar environment.