Abstract
Fungi are a prolific source of biologically active metabolites, including a wide range of clinically important drugs. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of secondary metabolites extracted from fungal mycelia isolated from freshwater samples in the state of Amazonas. Mycelial extracts from 12 fungal were used, extracted with MeOH/AcOEt (1:1) according to the criteria established by Souza et al. (2004). For antimicrobial activity, the extracts were tested against the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus feacalis, Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. To identify the minimum inhibitory dosage (MID) the microdilution method was used. To perform the cytotoxicity assay, the VERO strain (ATCC® CCL-81TM) was used. The assays were determined by the Alamar Blue method according to Ahmed et al. (1994). The tested extracts did not show antibacterial activity. Five extracts (41.7%), obtained from the fungi Aspergillus - 1283, Chrysoporther - 1169, Diaporther – 1203, Fusarium – 1085, and Trichoderma, showed antifungal activity against C. albicans. Diaporther extract (8.3%) - 1203 was active against C. tropicalis. In the cytotoxicity assay, 58.3% of the evaluated extracts showed no significant toxic effect. Five extracts, Cladosporium - 1135, Chrysoporther - 1169, Cytospora - 1098, Fusarium - 1085, and Talaromyces - 1244, showed cytotoxic potential, exhibiting viability lower than 70%. The results obtained suggest that mycelial extracts of fungi isolated from water samples from the Amazon region have potential against yeasts of medical interest. Only two of the active extracts were revealed potentially cytotoxic.
Highlights
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem worldwide and jeopardizes the effectiveness of preventing and treating an increasing number of infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites according to the Pan
The samples obtained were kept in a desiccator with activated silica to obtain dry mycelial extracts
All twelve mycelial extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against six pathogens - two fungi (C. albicans - CC 001 and C. tropicalis - CC 002) and four bacteria (S. aureus - S 007, E. coli - E 004, P. aeruginosa - P 004, and E. feacalis - E 002)
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem worldwide and jeopardizes the effectiveness of preventing and treating an increasing number of infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites according to the PanAmerican Health Organization (PAHO, 2020).The need to control emerging diseases or resistant strains requires the constant search for new sources of antimicrobial compounds with new action mechanisms, for human use and for use in livestock (Santos et al, 2015; Premjanu &Jaynthy, 2015). The need to control emerging diseases or resistant strains requires the constant search for new sources of antimicrobial compounds with new action mechanisms, for human use and for use in livestock Natural products and their derivatives are still the most important resources for new drugs discovery (Ayoub et al, 2014; Atanasov et al, 2021). Fungi are considered an important source of biologically active secondary metabolites, including a wide variety of clinically important drugs (Hoeksma et al, 2019). Fungi have a chemical and biological rich diversity. They have given rise to many new drugs and may hold the key to dealing with emerging antimicrobial resistances
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