Abstract
The aim of present study was calculate the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of silver nanoparticles and clotrimazole for Candida species and their interaction by the adaptation of standarized methods. The MICs values of clotrimazole were 9 E-04-3 E-03 ug/ml, 0.1-0.6 ug/ml, 3 E-03- 0.1 ug/ml and 3 E-03-0.3 ug/ml for Candida albicans susceptible to fluconazole, Candida albicans resistance to fluconazole, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis respectively. The MICs values of silver nanoparticles were 26.50- 53 ug/ml; 26.50-106 ug/ml; 106-212 ug/ ml and 26.50- 53 ug/ml for Candida albicans susceptible to fluconazole, Candida albicans resistance to fluconazole, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis respectively. Synergism between clotrimazole and silver nanoparticles was measured by checkerboard BMD (broth microdilution) test and shown only for C. albicans susceptible to fluconazole because the fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) values were 0.07 - 0.15 ug/ml. Indifference was shown for the other species tested because the FICs values were between 0.5 - 2- 3.06 ug/ml. The results suggest synergistic activity depending on the fungus species analysed, however we recommend the incorporation of others measurement methodologies to confirm our results. As for measurement methodologies of MICs of silver nanoparticles and clotrimazole international normative were respected to guarantee reproducible and comparable results.
Highlights
In recent years, the number of superficial mycoses caused by different fungal species in humans and animals has increased considerably
The antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles has been described by Kim et al (2009), who suggested that the mode of action of silver nanoparticles against fungal pathogens such as Candida species may be by destructing the integrity of the cell membrane and stopping the budding process
Lee et al (2019) studied antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles in C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in these work detected an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after exposure of silver nanoparticles only in C. albicans, but not in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Summary
The number of superficial mycoses (dermatophytosis, candidiasis and geotrichosis) caused by different fungal species in humans and animals has increased considerably. This phenomenon is due to the increase in the number of pathologies included in the context of secondary immunodeficiencies generated by physiological conditions (e.g. age, stress), pathological conditions (e.g. diabetes mellitus, malnutrition), immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. corticoids, chemotherapeutics), and environmental agents (e.g. x-rays, Likewise, the drastic increase in the incidence of fungal infections has been accompanied by an increase in the innate and acquired resistance to antifungal drugs (Pfaller et al, 2011a; Pfaller et al, 2011b; Pfaller et al, 2011c). Kim et al (2009) describe a similar mechanism for antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles by disrupting the structure of the cell membrane and inhibiting the normal budding process on Candida albicans
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